Prostatacancer. Betænkning fra
arbejdsgruppe under Dansk Uro-Onkologisk Udvalg 1998.
Klaringsrapport nr. 4. 1999.
1. Zaridze D, Boyle P. Cancer of the prostate: Epidemiology and aetiology.
Br J Urol 1987; 59: 493-502.
2. Dijkman G, Debruyne F. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Eur Urol
1996; 30: 281-95.
3. Jensen O, Estève J, Møller H, Renard H. Cancer in the European
Community and its member states. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 1167-256.
4. Prener A, Kjaer S. Prostatacancer i Danmark. Ugeskr Laeger 1987;
149: 1705-7.
5. Storm H, Manders T, Lecker S. Cancer incidence in Denmark 1991.
Copenhagen: Danish Cancer Society, 1994.
6. Sakr W, Haas G, Cassin B, Pontes J, Crissman J. The frequency of
carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young
male patients. J Urol 1993; 150: 379-85.
7. Halpert B, Sheehan E, Schmalhorst W, Scott RJ. Carcinoma of the
prostate. A survey of 5,000 autopsies. Cancer 1963; 16: 737-42.
8. Devesa S, Silverman D, Young JJ, Pollack E, Brown C, Horm J et al.
Cancer incidence and mortality trends among whites in the United
States, 1947-84. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 79: 701-70.
9. Bostwick D, Cooner W, Denis L, Jones G, Scardino P, Murphy G.
The association of benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the
prostate. Cancer 1992; 70: 291-301.
10. Harvei S, Tretli S, Langmark F. Cancer of the prostate in Norway
1957-1991. A descriptive study. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A: 111-7.
11. Muir C, Nectoux J, Staszewski J. The epidemiology of prostatic can-cer.
Geographical distribution and time-trends. Acta Oncol 1991; 30:
133-40.
12. Parkin D, Muir C, Whelan S, Gao Y, Farlay J, Powell J. Cancer incid-ence
in five continents. IARC Sci Pub, Lyon, 1992.
13. Breslow N, Chan C, Dhom G, Drury R, Franks L, Gellei B et al. La-tent
carcinoma of prostate at autopsy in seven areas. Int J Cancer
1977; 20: 680-8.
14. Tulinius H. Latent malignancies at autopsy: a little used source of in-formation
on cancer biology. IARC Sci Publ 1991; 112: 253-61.
15. Yatani R, Chigusa I, Akazaki K, Stemmermann G, Welsh R, Correa
P. Geographic pathology of latent prostatic carcinoma. Int J Cancer
1982; 29: 611-6.
16. Haenszel W, Kurihara M. Studies of japanese migrants. I. Mortality
from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United
States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968; 40: 43-68.
17. Akazaki K, Stemmermann G. Comparative study of latent carcinoma
of the prostate among Japanese in Japan and Hawaii. J Natl Cancer
Inst 1973; 50: 1137-44.
18. McWorther W, Schatzkin A, Horm J, Brown C. Contribution of so-cioeconomic
status to black/white differences in cancer incidence.
Cancer 1989; 63: 982-7.
19. Morton R. Racial differences in adenocarcinoma of the prostate in
North American men. Urology 1994; 44: 637-45.
20. Steinberg G, Carter B, Beaty T, Walsh P. Family history and the risk
of prostate cancer. Prostate 1990; 17: 337-347.
21. Grönberg H, Damber L, Damber J. Studies of genetic factors in pro-state
cancer in a twin population. J Urol 1994; 152: 1484-9.
22. Grönberg H, Damber L, Damber J, Iselius L. Segregation analysis of
prostate cancer in Sweden: Support of dominant inheritance. Am J
Epidemiol 1997; 146: 552-7.
23. Grönberg H, Isaacs SD, Smith JR, Carpten JD, Bova GS, Freije D et
al. Characteristics of prostate cancer in families potentially linked to
the hereditary prostate cancer1 (HPC1) locus. JAMA 1997; 278:
1251-5.
24. Andersson S, Wolk A, Bergström R, Giovannucci E, Lindgren C,
Baron J et al. Nutrient intake and prostate cancer risk: a population-based
case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 1996; 68: 716-22.
25. Giovannucci E, Rimm E, Colditz G, Stampfer M, Ascherio A, Chute
C et al. A prospective study of diatary fat and risk of prostate cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1571-9.
26. Marchand L, Kononel L, Wilkens L, Myers L, Hirohata T. Animal fat
consumption and prostate cancer: a prospective study in Hawaii.
Epidemiology 1994; 5: 276-82.
27. Heitanen E, Bartsch H, Bereziat J, Camus A, McClinton S, Eremin
O et al. Diet and oxidative stress in breast, colon and prostate can-cer
patients: a case-control study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48: 575-86.
28. West D, Slattery M, Robinson L, French T, Mahoney A. Adult diet-ary
intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study
with special emphasis on agressive tumors. Cancer Causes Control
1991; 2: 85-94.
29. Møller H, Mellemgaard A, Lindvig K, Olsen J. Obesity and cancer
risk: a Danish record-linkage study. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A: 344-50.
30. Grönberg H, Damber L, Damber J. Total food consumption and
body mass index ( BMI ) in relation to prostate cancer. A case-con-trol
study in Sweden with prospectively collected exposure data. J
Urol 1996; 155: 969-74.
31. Andersson S, Wolk A, Bergström R, Adami H, Engholm G, Englund
A et al. Body size and prostate cancer: a 20-year follow-up study am-ong
135006 Swedish construction workers. J Natl Camcer Inst 1997;
89: 385-9.
32. Griffiths K, Adlerkreutz H, Boyle P, Denis L, Nicholson RI, Morton
MS. Nutrition and cancer. Oxford: ISIS Medical Media Ltd, 1996.
33. Keller-Byrne J, Khuder S, Schaub E. Meta-analyses of prostate can-cer
and farming. Am J Ind Med 1997; 31: 580-6.
34. Friis S, Kjaer S, Storm H. Risikofaktorer for prostatacancer. Ugeskr
Laeger 1994; 156: 3485-90.
35. van der Gulden J, Verbeek A, Kolk J. Smoking and drinking habits
in relation to prostate cancer. Br J Urol 1994; 73: 382-9.
36. Hiatt R, Armstrong M, Klatsky A, Sidney S. Alcohol consumption,
smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health
plan cohort in California (United States). Cancer Causes Control
1994; 5: 66-72.
37. Hsing A, McLaughlin J, Schuman L, Bjelke E, Gridlet G, Wacholder
S, Chien H, Blot W. Diet, tobacco use, and fatal prostate cancer: Re-sults
from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. Cancer Res
1990; 50: 6836-40.
38. Hayes R, Pottern L, Swanson G, Liff J, Schoenberg J, Greenberg R
et al. Tobacco use and prostate cancer in blacks and whites in the
United States. Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 221-6.
39. Friis S, Kjaer S, Tjønneland A, Svare E, Dahl C. Sammenhaengen
mellem kost, ernaeringstilstand og prostatacancer. Ugeskr Laeger
1994; 156: 3478-84.
40. Marchand L, Kolonel L, Yoshizawa C. Lifetime occupational phy-sical
activity and prostate cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:
103-11.
41. Thune I, Lund E. Physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer
and testicular cancer: A cohort study of 53.000 Norwegian men.
Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 549-56.
42. Lee I, Paffenberger RJ, Hsieh C. Physical activity and risk of pro-static
cancer among college alumni. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 169-79.
43. Polednak A. College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality. Can-cer
1976; 38: 382-7.
44. Severson R, Nomura A, Grove J, Stemmermann G. A prospective
analysis of physical activity and cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 130:
522-9.
45. Ross R, Bernstein L, Judd H, Hanisch R, Pike M, Henderson B. Se-rum
testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men. J
Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76: 45-8.
46. Ross R, Bernstein L, Lobo RA, Shimizu H, Pike MC. 5-alpha-reduc-tase
activity and risk of prostate cancer among Japanese and US
white and black males. Lancet 1992; 339: 887-9.
47. Armenian H, Lillienfeld A, Diamond E, Bross I. Relation between be-nign
prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate. Lancet 1974;
II 115-7.
48. Giovannucci E, Tosteson T, Speizer F, Ascherio A, Vessey M, Colditz
G. A retrospective cohort study of vasectomy and prostate cancer in
US men. JAMA 1993; 269: 878-82.
49. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm E, Colditz G, Stampfer M, Willet
W. A prospective cohort study of vasectomy and prostate cancer in
US men. JAMA 1993; 269: 873-7.
50. Sidney S, Quesenberry CJ, Sadler M, Guess H, Lydick E, Cattolica
E. Vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer in a cohort of multi-phasic
health-checkup examinees: second report. Cancer Causes
Control 1991; 2: 113-6.
51. Sidney S. Vasectomy and the risk of prostatic cancer and benign
prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol 1987; 138: 795-7.
52. Guess H. Is vasectomy a risk factor for prostate cancer? Eur J Can-cer
1993; 29A: 1055-60.
53. Hammersten J, Andersson S, Holmén A, Högstedt B, Peeker R.
Does transurethral resection of a clinically benign prostate gland in-crease
the risk of developing clinical prostate cancer ? Cancer 1994;
74: 2347-51.
54. Kearse WJ, Seay T, Thompson I. The long-term risk of development
of prostate cancer in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: Cor-relation
with stage A1 disease. J Urol 1993; 150: 1746-8.
55. Greenwald P, Kirmss V, Polan A, Dick V. Cancer of the prostate am-ong
men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1974;
53: 335-40.
56. Whittemore A. Prostate cancer. Cancer Surv 1994; 19/20: 309-22.
57. Demers R, Swanson M, Weiss L, Kau T. Increasing incidence of can-cer
of the prostate. The experience of black and white men in the
Detroit Metropolitan Area. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1211-6.
58. Stephenson RA, Mart CR, Mineau G, James BC, Janerich DT, Dib-ble
R. The fall in incidence of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1995; 77:
1342-8.
59. Brasso K, Friis S, Kjaer SK, Jørgensen T, Iversen P. Prostate cancer
in Denmark: a 50-year population-based study. Urology 1998; 51:
590-4.
60. Parker S, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo P. Cancer statistics, 1997. Ca
Cancer J Clin 1997; 47: 5-27.
61. Dearnaley D. Cancer of the prostate. Brit Med J 1994; 308: 780-4.
62. Boyle P, Zaridze D. Risk factors for prostate and testicular cancer.
Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 1048-55.
63. Potosky A, Kessler G, Gridley G, Brown C, Horm J. Rise in prostatic
cancer incidence associated with increased use of transurethral
resection. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1624-8.
64. Potosky A, Miller B, Albertsen P, Kramer B. The role of increasing
detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. JAMA 1995; 273:
548-52.
65. Boyle P. Prostate cancer 2000: the evolution of an epidemic of
unknown origin. ESO Monographs 1993.
66. Engeland A, Halvorsen T, Tretli S, Hakulinen T, Hörte LG, Lousta-rinen
T et al. Prediction of cancer mortality in the Nordic countries
up to the years 2000 and 2010. APMIS 1993; 103: Suppl 49.
67. McNeal J. Origin and development of carcinoma in the prostate.
Cancer 1969; 23: 24-34.
68. Torp-Pedersen S, Iversen P. Screening for prostatic cancer: the case
against. Eur Urol Update Series 1993; 2: 114-9.
69. Dugan J, Bostwick D, Myers R, Quin J, Bergstralh E, Oesterling J.
The definition and preoperative prediction of clinically insignificant
prostate cancer. JAMA 1996; 275: 288-94.
70. Aus G, Hugosson J, Norlén L. Need for hospital care and palliative
treatment for prostate cancer treated with noncurative intent. J Urol
1995; 154: 466-9.
71. Otnes B, Harvei S, Fosså S. The burden of prostate cancer from dia-gnosis
to death. Br J Urol 1995; 76: 587-94.
72. Carlsson P, Hjertberg H, Jönsson B, Varenhorst E. The cost of pro-static
cancer in a defined population. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1989; 23:
93-6.
73. Borre M, Nerstrøm B, Overgaard J. Cancer prostatae, et kostbart
dilemma. Ugeskr Laeger 1997; 159: 2534-7.
74. Chodak G. Screening for prostate cancer. The debate continues.
JAMA 1994; 272: 813-4.
75. Møller H, Friis S, Kjaer S. Male genital organs. I: Survival of Danish
cancer patients. APMIS Suppl 1993; 101: 122-36.
76. Grönberg H, Damber J, Jonsson H, Lenner P. Patient age as a pro-gnostic
factor in prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 152: 892-5.
77. Helgesen F, Holmberg L, Johansson J, Bergström R, Adami H.
Trends in prostate cancer survival in Sweden 1960 through 1988:
Evidence of increasing detection of nonlethal tumors. J Natl Can-cer
Inst 1996; 88: 1216-21.
78. Lu-Yao G, Yao S. Population-based study of long-term survival in pa-tients
with clinically localised prostate cancer. Lancet 1997; 349: 906-10.
79. Tretli S, Engeland A, Haldorsen T, Hakulinen T, Hörte L, Luostari-nen
T, Schou G, Sigvaldson H, Storm H, Tulinius H, Vaittinen P.
Prostate cancer Look to Denmark? J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 28.
80. Borre M, Nerstrøm B, Overgaard J. The natural history of prostate
carcinoma based on a Danish population treated with no intent to
cure. Cancer 1997; 80: 917-28.
81. Brasso K, Friis S, Juel K, Jørgensen T, Iversen P. Lokaliseret can-cer
prostatae. Overlevelse og tab af leveår. Ugeskr Laeger 1998; 160
4517-20.
82. McNeal JE, Bostwick D, Kindrachuk RA, Redwine EA, Freiha FS,
Stamey TA. Patterns of progression in prostate cancer. Lancet
1986, January 11: 60-3.
83. McNeal JE. Cancer volume and site of origin of adenocarcinoma in
the prostate: relationship to local and distant spread. Hum Pathol
1992; 23: 258-66.
84. Byar DP, Mostofi FK. Carcinoma of the prostate: prognostic evalu-ation
of certain pathologic features in 208 radical prostatectomies.
Examined by a step-section technique. Cancer 1972; 29: 5-13.
85. Villers AA, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. The
role of perineural space invasion in the local spread of prostatic
adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1989; 142: 763-8.
86. Villers AA, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Patho-genesis
and biological significance of seminal vesicle invasion in
prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1990; 143: 1183-7.
87. Shridhar P. The lymphatics of the prostate gland and their role in
the spread of prostatic carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1979; 61:
114-22.
88. Bostwick DG, Graham SD Jr., Napalkov P, Abrahamsson P-A, Al-gaba
F, Højsaeter PA et al. Staging of early prostate cancer: a pro-posed
tumor volumen-based prognostic index. Urology 1993; 41:
403-11.
89. Smith JA Jr, Seaman JP, Gleidman JB, Middleton RG. Pelvic lymph
node metastasis from prostatic cancer: influence of tumor grade
and stage in 452 consecutive patients. J Urol 1983; 130: 290-2.
90. Fowler JE, Whitmore WF. The incidence and extent of pelvic
lymph node metastases in apparently localized prostatic cancer.
Cancer 1981; 47: 2941-5.
91. Jacobs SC. Spread of prostatic cancer to bone. Urology 1983; 21:
337-44.
92. Batson OV. The function of the vertebral veins and their role in the
spread of metastases. Ann Surg 1940; 112: 138-49.
93. Cumming J, Hacking N, Fairhurst J, Ackery D, Jenkins JD. Distri-bution
of bony metastases in prostatic carcinoma. Br J Urol 1990;
66: 411-4.
94. Suzuki T, Shimizu T, Kurokawa K, Jimbo H, Sato J, Yamanaka H.
Pattern of prostate cancer metastasis to the vertebral column. Pro-state
1994; 25: 141-6.
95. Fabozzi SJ, Schellhammer PF, El-Mahdi AM. Pulmonary metasta-ses
from prostate cancer. Cancer 1995; 75: 2706-9.
98. Ayala AG, Ro JY, Babaian R, Troncoso P, Grignon DJ. The prostatic
capsule: does it exist? Its importance in the staging and treatment
of prostatic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13: 21-7.
99. McNeal JE. Normal anatomy of the prostate and changes in benign
prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma. Semin Ultrasound CT MR
1988; 9: 329-34.
100. McNeal JE. Normal histology of the prostate. Am J Surg Pathol
1988; 12: 619-33.
101. Devaraj LT, Bostwick DG. Atypical basal cell hyperplasia of the pro-state.
Immunophenotypic profile and proposed classification of ba-sal
cell proliferations. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17: 645-59.
102. Hedrick L, Epstein JI. Use of keratin 903 as an adjunct in the dia-gnosis
of prostate carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13: 389-96.
103. Mao P, Angrist A. The Fine Structure of the Basal Cell of Human
Prostate. Lab Invest 1966; 15: 1768-82.
104. Amin MB, Schultz DS, Zarbo RJ. Analysis of cribriform morpho-logy
in prostatic neoplasia using antibody to high-molecular-weight
cytokeratins. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118: 260-4.
105. Svanholm H, Nielsen B, Starklint H. Keratin patterns in prostatic
hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. APMIS Suppl 1988; 4: 100-8.
106. Bonkhoff H. Role of the basal cells in premalignant changes of the
human prostate: a stem cell concept for the development of pro-state
cancer. Eur Urol 1996; 30: 201-5.
107. Abrahamsson PA. Neuroendocrine differentiation and secretory
proteins in the parenchyma in hyperplasia and in carcinoma of the
prostate. Malmö: Lund University, 1988: 1.
108. Weaver MG, Abdul-Karim FW, Srigley JR. Paneth cell-like change
and small carcinoma of the prostate. Two divergent forms of pro-static
neuroendocrine differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16:
1013-6.
109. Epstein JI. Prostate Biopsy Interpretation. New York: Raven Press,
1989: 1.
110. Epstein JI. Adenosis vs. atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the
prostate [letter]. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18: 1070-1.
111. Jones EC, Young RH. The differential diagnosis of prostatic carci-noma.
Its distinction from premalignant and pseudocarcinomatous
lesions of the prostate gland. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 101: 48-64.
112. Bostwick DG, Algaba F, Amin MB, Ayala A, Eble J, Goldstein N et
al. Consensus statement on terminology: recommendation to use
atypical adenomatous hyperplasia in place of adenosis of the pro-state
[letter]. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18: 1069-70.
113. Brawn PN. Adenosis of the prostate: a dysplastic lesion that can be
confused with prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1982; 49: 826-33.
114. Gaudin PB, Epstein JI. Adenosis of the prostate. Histological fea-tures
in transurethral resection specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 1994;
18: 863-70.
115. Grignon DJ, Ro JY, Srigley JR, Troncoso P, Raymond AK, Ayala AG.
Sclerosing adenosis of the prostate gland. A lesion showing myo-epithelial
differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 383-91.
116. Jones EC, Clement PB, Young RH. Sclerosing adenosis of the pro-state
gland. A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study
of 11 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15: 1171-80.
117. Sakamoto N, Tsuneyoshi M, Enjoji M. Sclerosing adenosis of the
prostate. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Am J
Surg Pathol 1991; 15: 660-7.
118. Bostwick DG, Qian J. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the pro-state.
Relationship with carcinoma in 217 whole-mount radical pro-statectomies.
Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19: 506-18.
119. Epstein JI. Controversies in prostate pathology: dysplasia and car-cinoma
in situ. Monogr Pathol 1992; 149-82.
120. Helpap B. The biological significance of atypical hyperplasia of the
prostate. Virchows Arch 1980; 387: 307-17.
121. Kastendieck H. Correlations between atypical primary hyperplasia
and carcinoma of the prostate. A histological study of 180 total pro-statectomies.
Pathol Res Pract 1980; 169: 366-87.
122. Allam CK, Bostwick DG, Hayes JA, Upton MP, Wade CG, Do-manowski
GF et al. Interobserver variability in the diagnosis of
high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma
[Abstract]. Lab Invest 1995; 72: 71A.
123. Amin MB, Ro JY, Ayala AG. Putative precursor lesions of prostatic
adenocarcinoma: fact or fiction? Mod Pathol 1993; 6: 476-83.
124. Wills ML, Hamper UM, Partin AW, Epstein JI. Incidence of high-grade
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in sextant needle biopsy
specimens. Urology 1997; 49: 367-73.
125. Bostwick DG, Brawer MK. Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and
early invasion in prostate cancer. Cancer 1987; 59: 788-94.
126. Bostwick DG, Dousa MK, Crawford BG, Wollan PC. Neuroendo-crine
differentiation in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and
adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18: 1240-6.
127. Brawer MK. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a premalignant
lesion. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 242-8.
128. De la Torre M, Eklov S, Haggman M, Bjork P, Busch C, Nilsson S.
Elevated expression of estramustine binding protein (EMBP) in
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) compared with malignant
and benign prostatic epithelia. Prostate 1994; 25: 125-31.
129. De la Torre M, Haggman M, Brandstedt S, Busch C. Prostatic in-traepithelial
neoplasia and invasive carcinoma in total prostatect-omy
specimens: distribution, volumes and DNA ploidy. Br J Urol
1993; 72: 207-13.
130. Drachenberg CB, Papadimitriou JC. Aberrant pattern of lectin
binding in low and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.
Cancer 1995; 75: 2539-44.
131. Epstein JI. Pathology of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and
adenocarcinoma of the prostate: prognostic influences of stage, tu-mor
volume, grade, and margins of resection. Semin Oncol 1994;
21: 527-41.
132. Ferguson J, Zincke H, Ellison E, Bergstrahl E, Bostwick DG. De-
crease of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia following androgen de-privation
therapy in patients with stage T3 carcinoma treated by ra-dical
prostatectomy. Urology 1994; 44: 91-5.
133. McNeal JE. Significance of duct-acinar dysplasia in prostatic car-cinogenesis.
Prostate 1988; 13: 91-102.
134. McNeal JE, Bostwick DG. Intraductal dysplasia: a premalignant
lesion of the prostate. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 64-71.
135. First International Consultation Meeting on Prostatic Intraepithel-ial
Neoplasia and the Origins of Prostatic Carcinoma. Montironi R,
Bostwick DG eds.. International Society of Urologic Pathology,
University of Ancona, 1994, 1-60.
136. Montironi R, Galluzzi CM, Diamanti L, Taborro R, Scarpelli M, Pi-sani
E. Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia. Qualitative and quantita-tive
analyses of the blood capillary architecture on thin tissue se-ctions.
Pathol Res Pract 1993; 189: 542-8.
137. Montironi R, Magi Galluzzi CM, Marina S, Diamanti L. Quantita-tive
characterization of the frequency and location of cell prolifera-tion
and death in prostate pathology. J Cell Biochem 1994; 19: S238-45.
138. Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn IA, Davis CJJ. Prostatic intraepithelial neo-plasia
(PIN): morphological clinical significance [published er- -ratum
appears in Prostate 1992; 21(2): 169]. Prostate 1992; 4:
S71-7.
139. Partin AW, Walsh PC. Re: the use of prostate specific antigen, clin-ical
stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men
with localized prostate cancer [letter]. J Urol 1994; 152: 172-3.
140. Ronnett BM, Carmichael MJ, Carter HB, Epstein JI. Does high
grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia result in elevated serum
prostate specific antigen levels? J Urol 1993; 150: 386-9.
141. Sakr WA, Grignon DJ, Crissman JD, Heilbrun LK, Cassin BJ, Pon-tes
JJ et al. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)
and prostatic adenocarcinoma between the ages of 20-69: an aut-opsy
study of 249 cases. In Vivo 1994; 8: 439-43.
142. Weinstein MH, Epstein JI. Significance of high-grade prostatic in-traepithelial
neoplasia on needle biopsy. Hum Pathol 1993; 24:
624-9.
143. Wheeler TM, Rogers E, Aihara M, Scardino PT, Thompson TC.
Apoptotic index as a biomarker in prostatic intraepithelial neo-plasia
(PIN) and prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 1994; 19: S202-7.
144. Haggman MJ, Macoska JA, Wojno KJ, Oesterling JE. The rela-tionship
between prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate
cancer: critical issues. J Urol 1997; 158: 12-22.
145. Zlotta AR, Raviv G, Schulman. Clinical prognostic criteria for later
diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in patients with initial isolated pro-static
intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol 1996; 30: 249-55.
146. Svanholm H, Starklint H, Barlebo H, Olsen S. Histological evalua-tion
of prostatic cancer. 1. Reproducibility of tumour type. APMIS
1989; 97: 699-704.
147. McNeal JE. Prostate. I: Sternberg SS, ed. Histology for pathologi-sts.
New York: Raven Press, 1992: 749-63.
148. Dube VE, Farrow GM, Greene LF. Prostatic adenocarcinoma of
ductal origin. Cancer 1973; 32: 402-9.
149. Greene LF, Farrow GM, Ravits JM, Tomera FM. Prostatic adeno-carcinoma
of ductal origin. J Urol 1979; 121: 303-5.
150. Ford TF, Butcher DN, Masters JR, Parkinson MC. Immunocyto-chemical
localisation of prostate-specific antigen: specificity and ap-plication
to clinical practice. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 50-5.
151. Svanholm H. Evaluation of commercial immunoperoxidase kits for
prostatic specific antigen and prostatic specific acid phosphatase.
APMIS 1986; 94: 7-12.
152. Mostofi FK. Grading of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Chemother
Rep 1975; 59: 111-7.
153. Mostofi FK. Problems of grading carcinoma of prostate. Semin On-col
1976; 3: 161-9.
154. Mostofi FK, Sesterhein I, Sobin LH. Histological typing of prostate
tumours. World Health Organization, Geneva 1980.
155. Gleason DF. Classification of prostatic carcinomas. Cancer Chemo-therapy
reports 1966; 50: 125-8.
156. Gleason DF. Histologic grading and clinical staging of prostatic car-cinoma.
I: Tannenbaum M, ed. Urologic pathology: the prostate.
Philadelphia: Lea & Fibiger, 1977: 171-97.
157. Gleason DF. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: a perspective.
Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 273-9.
158. Mellinger GT, Gleason DF, Bailar J. The histology and prognosis of
prostatic cancer. J Urol 1967; 97: 331-7.
159. Gaeta JF, Asirwatham JE, Miller G, Murphy GP. Histologic grading
of primary prostatic cancer: a new approach to an old problem. J
Urol 1980; 123: 689-93.
160. Gaeta JF, Englander LC, Murphy GP. Comparative evaluation of
National Prostatic Cancer Treatment Group and Gleason systems
for pathologic grading of primary prostatic cancer. Urology 1986;
27: 306-8.
161. Böcking A, Kiehn J, Heinzel Wach M. Combined histologic -grading
of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 1982; 50: 288-94.
162. Böcking A, Sinagowitz E. Histologic grading of prostatic carcin-oma.
Pathol Res Pract 1980; 168: 115-25.
163. Svanholm H, Mygind H. Prostatic carcinoma reproducibility of his-tologic
grading. APMIS 1985; 93: 67-71.
164. Schroeder FH, Blom JH, Hop WC, Mostofi FK. Grading of pro-static
cancer: II. The prognostic significance of the presence of
multiple architectural patterns. Prostate 1985; 6: 403-15.
165. Schroeder FH, Blom JH, Hop WC, Mostofi FK. Grading of pro-static
cancer (I): An analysis of the prognostic significance of single
characteristics. Prostate 1985; 6: 81-100.
166. Schroeder FH, Hop WC, Blom JH, Mostofi FK. Grading of pro-static
cancer: III. Multivariate analysis of prognostic parameters.
Prostate 1985; 7: 13-20.
167. Svanholm H, Starklint H, Barlebo H, Olsen S. Histological evalua-tion
of prostatic cancer. (II): reproducibility of a histological grading
system. APMIS 1990; 98: 229-36.
168. Murphy GP, Busch C, Abrahamsson PA, Epstein JI, McNeal JE,
Miller GJ et al. Histopathology of localized prostate cancer. Con-sensus
Conference on Diagnosis and Prognostic Parameters in
Localized Prostate Cancer. Stockholm, Sweden, May 12-13, 1993.
Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1994; 162: 7-42.
169. Harada M, Mostofi FK, Corle DK, Byar DP, Trump BF. Preliminary
studies of histologic prognosis in cancer of the prostate. Cancer
Treat Rep 1977; 61: 223-5.
170. Schroeder FH, Belt HE. Carcinoma of the prostate: a study of 213
prostates with stage C tumors treated by total perineal prostatect-omy.
J Urol 1975; 144: 257-61.
171. De las Morenas A, Siroky MB, Merriam J, Stilmant MM. Prostatic
adenocarcinoma: reproducibility and correlation with clinical sta-ges
of four grading systems. Hum Pathol 1988; 19: 595-7.
172. Cintra ML, Billis A. Histologic grading of prostatic adenocarcin-oma:
intraobserver reproducibility of the Mostofi, Gleason and
Bocking grading systems. Int Urol Nephrol 1991; 23: 449-54.
173. Ozdamar SO, Sarikaya S, Yildiz L, Atilla MK, Kandemir B, Yildiz S.
Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of WHO and Glea-son
histologic grading systems in prostatic adenocarcinomas. Int
Urol Nephrol 1996; 28: 73-7.
174. Svanholm H. Personlig meddelelse.
175. Mohler JL, Partin AW, Epstein JI, Becker RL, Mikel UV, Sesterhen
IA et al. Prediction of prognosis in untreated stage A2 prostatic car-cinoma.
Cancer 1992; 69: 511-9.
176. Bain GO, Koch M, Hanson J. Feasibility of grading prostatic carci-nomas.
Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982; 106: 265-7.
177. Cantrell BB, DeKlerk DP, Eggleston JC, Boitnott JK, Walsh PC.
Pathological factors that influence prognosis in stage A prostatic
cancer: the influence of extent versus grade. J Urol 1981; 125: 516-20.
178. Epstein JI, Pizov G, Steinberg GD, Carter HB, Pitcock R, Armas
OA et al. Correlation of prostate cancer nuclear deoxyribonucleic
acid, size, shape and Gleason grade with pathological stage at rad-ical
prostatectomy. J Urol 1992; 148: 87-91.
179. Gleason DF, Mellinger GT. Prediction of prognosis for prostatic
adenocarcinoma by combined histological grading and clinical
staging. J Urol 1974; 111: 58-64.
180. Kramer SA, Spahr J, Brendler CB, Glenn JF, Paulson DF. Experi-ence
with Gleasons histopathologic grading in prostatic cancer. J
Urol 1980; 124: 223-5.
181. Nemoto R, Uchida K, Harada M, Koiso K, Abe R, Kato T. Experi-ence
with Gleason histopathologic grading of prostatic cancer in
Japan. Urology 1987; 30: 436-40.
182. Stamey TA. Cancer of the prostate. Monographs in Urology 1982;
3: 65-94.
183. Rousselet MC, Saint Andre JP, Six P, Soret JY. Reproducibility and
prognostic value of Gleasons and Gaetas histological grades in
prostatic carcinoma. Ann Urol Paris 1986; 20: 317-22.
184. Epstein JI, Carmichael MJ, Pizov G, Walsh PC. Influence of cap-sular
penetration on progression following radical prostatectomy: a
study of 196 cases with long-term follow-up. J Urol 1993; 150: 135-
41.
185. Epstein JI, Pizov G, Walsh PC. Correlation of pathologic findings
with progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Cancer
1993; 71: 3582-93.
186. Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Brendler CB. Radical prostatectomy for im-palpable
prostate cancer: the Johns Hopkins experience with tu-mors
found on transurethral resection (stages T1A and T1B) and
on needle biopsy (stage T1C). J Urol 1994; 152: 1721-9.
187. Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, Brendler CB. Pathologic and
clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c)
prostate cancer. JAMA 1994; 271: 368-74.
188. Lee SE, Currin SM, Paulson DF, Walther PJ. Flow cytometric de-termination
of ploidy in prostatic adenocarcinoma: a comparison
with seminal vesicle involvement and histopathological grading as
a predictor of clinical recurrence. J Urol 1988; 140: 769-74.
189. Oesterling JE, Brendler CB, Epstein JI, Kimball AW Jr, Walsh PC.
Correlation of clinical stage, serum prostatic acid phosphatase and
preoperative Gleason grade with final pathological stage in 275 pa-tients
with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J
Urol 1987; 138: 92-8.
190. Partin AW, Pound CR, Clemens JQ, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Serum
PSA after anatomic radical prostatectomy. The Johns Hopkins ex-perience
after 10 years. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 713-25.
191. Walsh PC, Partin AW, Epstein JI. Cancer control and quality of life
following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: results at
10 years. J Urol 1994; 152: 1831-6.
192. Di SantAgnese PA. Neuroendocrine differentiation in human pro-static
carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 287-96.
193. Andersson L, Hagmar B, Ljung BM, Skoog L. Fine needle aspira-tion
biopsy for diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer. Consen-sus
Conference on Diagnosis and Prognostic Parameters in Local-ized
Prostate Cancer. Stockholm, Sweden, May 12-13, 1993. Scand
J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1994; 162: 43-9.
194. Esposti PL. Cytologic malignancy grading of prostatic carcinoma
by transrectal aspiration biopsy. A five-year follow-up study of 469
hormone-treated patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1971; 5: 199-209.
195. Linsk JA, Franzen S. Apiration biopsy cytology of the prostate
gland. I: Clinical aspiration cytology. London: J.B. Lippincott Com-pany;
1983: 243-66.
196. Ljung BM. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate gland: te-chnique
and review of the literature. Semin Urol 1985; 3: 18-26.
197. Maksem JA, Johenning PW. Is cytology capable of adequately
grading prostate carcinoma? Matched series of 50 cases comparing
cytologic and histologic pattern diagnoses. Urology 1988; 31: 437-
44.
198. Zajicek J. Prostatic gland and seminal vesicles. I: Zajicek J, ed. Aspi-ration
biopsy cytology. Part 2: Cytology of infradiaphragmatic or-gans.
Basel: S. Karger, 1979: 129-66.
199. Peller PA, Young DC, Marmaduke DP, Marsh WL, Badalament RA.
Sextant prostate biopsies. A histopathologic correlation with radi-cal
prostatectomy specimens. Cancer 1995; 75: 530-8.
200. Stamey TA. Making the most out of six systematic sextant biop-sies.
Urology 1995; 45: 2-12.
201. Norberg M, Holmberg L, Busch C, Häggman M, Egevad L,
Magnusson A. Multiple transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies for
the detection of prostate cancer and determination of tumor vol-ume,
grade, and seminal vesicle invasion. Eur Radiol 1996; 6: 56-
61.
202. Eskew LA, Bare RL, McCullough DL. Systematic 5 region biopsy
is superior to sextant method for diagnosing carcinoma of the pro-state.
J Urol 1997; 157(1): 199-202.
203. Garborg I, Eide TJ. The probability of overlooking prostatic cancer
in transurethrally resected material when different embedding pra-ctices
are followed. APMIS 1985; 93: 205-8.
204. Rismyhr B, Eide TJ, Stalsberg H. The diagnosis of carcinoma in
transurethral resectates of of the prostate. A study of the probab-ility
of overlooking malignant tissue when only part of the material
is embedded for histological examination. APMIS 1980; 88: 211-5.
205. Vollmer RT. Prostate cancer and chip specimens: complete versus
partial sampling. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 285-90.
206. Epstein JI, Paul G, Eggleston JC, Walsh PC. Prognosis of untreated
stage A1 prostatic carcinoma: a study of 94 cases with extended
followup. J Urol 1986; 136: 837-9.
207. Soloway MS, Altwein JE. The management of incidental T1aG1
(TNM 1987) prostate cancer. Prostate 1992; 4: S149-51.
208. Lowe BA, Listrom MB. Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: an
analysis of the predictors of progression. J Urol 1988; 140: 1340-4.
209. Svanholm H, Starklint H, Barlebo H, Olsen S. Histological evalua-tion
of prostatic cancer. (III): Reproducibility of assessment of tu-mour
volume and its possible significance for prognosis. APMIS
1990; 98: 237-43.
210. Flocks RH, Culp D, Porto R. Lymphatic spread from prostatic can-cer.
J Urol 1959; 81: 194-6.
211. Hartveit F. The routine histological investigation of axillary lymph
nodes for metastatic breast cancer. J Pathol 1984; 143: 187-91.
212. Harper ME, Jones EG, Goddard L, Wilson DW, Matanhelia SS,
Conn IG et al. Relationship of proliferating cell nuclear antigen
(PCNA) in prostatic carcinomas to various clinical parameters.
Prostate 1992; 20: 243-53.
213. Harper ME, Goddard L, Wilson DW, Matanhelia SS, Conn IG, Peeling
WB et al. Pathological and clinical associations of Ki-67 defined growth
fractions in human prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 1992; 21: 75-84.
214. Stattin P, Damber JE, Karlberg L, Bergh A. Cell proliferation as-sessed
by Ki-67 immunoreactivity on formalin fixed tissues is a pre-dictive
factor for survival in prostate cancer [see comments]. J Urol
1997; 157: 219-22.
215. Debruyne FM, Collins VP, Van Dekken H, Jenkings RB, Klocker H,
Schalken JA et al. Cytogenetics of prostate cancer. Consensus Con-ference
on Diagnosis and Prognostic Parameters in Localized Pro-state
Cancer. Stockholm, Sweden, May 12-13, 1993. Scand J Urol
Nephrol Suppl 1994; 162: 65--71.
216. Bookstein R, Allred DC. Recessive oncogenes. Cancer 1993; 71:
1179-86.
217. Effert PJ, Neubauer A, Walther PJ, Liu ET. Alterations of the P53
gene are associated with the progression of a human prostate car-cinoma.
J Urol 1992; 147: 789-93.
218. Foster CS, McLoughlin J, Bashir I, Abel PD. Markers of the meta-static
phenotype in prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 381-94.
219. Peehl DM. Oncogenes in prostate cancer. An update. Cancer 1993;
71: 1159-64.
220. Stearns ME, McGarvey T. Prostate cancer: therapeutic, diagnostic,
and basic studies. Lab Invest 1992; 67: 540-52.
221. Thompson TC, Truong LD, Timme TL, Kadmon D, McCun BK,
Flanders KC et al. Transgenic models for the study of prostate can-cer.
Cancer 1993; 71: 1165-71.
222. Lieber MM. DNA ploidy in prostate cancer: potential measurement
as a surrogate endpoint biomarker. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1994; 19:
246-8.
223. Sandberg AA. Chromosomal abnormalities and related events in
prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 368-80.
224. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Fla-nigan
RC et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum
prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer:
Results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol 1994; 151:
1283-90.
225. Brawer MK. The diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 1993;
71: 899-905.
226. Rana A, Chisholm GD, Rashwan HM, Salim A, Merrick MV, Elton
RA. Symptomatology of metastatic prostate cancer: prognostic
significance. Br J Urol 1994; 73: 683-6.
227. Morse RM, Resnick MI. Detection of clinically occult prostate can-cer.
Urol Clin North Am 1990; 17: 567-74.
228. Gustafsson O, Norming U, Nyman CR, Öhström M. Complications
following combined transrectal aspiration and core biopsy of the
prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1990; 24: 249-51.
229. Aus G, Hermansson CG, Hugosson J, Pedersen KV. Transrectal ul-trasound
examination of the prostate: complications and accep-tance
by patients. Br J Urol 1993; 71: 457-9.
230. Schröder FH, Albrecht W, Auvinen A, Bartsch G, Bowsher WG,
Haillot O et al. Screening and early detection of prostate cancer. I:
Murphy G, Griffiths K, Denis L, Khoury S, Chatelain C, Cockett
AT. First International Consultation on Prostate Cancer. Scientific
Communication International Ltd. 1997; 179-210.
231. Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for
disease. I: Public Health Paper 1986, No. 84. Geneva: WHO, 1986.
232. Lu-Yao GL, Greenberg ER. Changes in prostate cancer incidence
and treatment in USA. Lancet 1994; 343: 251-4.
233. Iversen P, Adolfsson J, Johansson J-E, Torp-Pedersen S. Localized
prostate cancer A Scandinavian view. Monographs in Urology
1991; 15: 93-112.
234. Bouffioux Ch. Prostate cancer: to screen or not to screen? Eur Urol
1997; 31(suppl 1): 2-4.
235. Gustafsson O, Theorell T, Normig U, Perski A, Öhström M, Ny-man
CR. Psychological reactions in men screened for prostate can-cer.
Br J Urol 1995; 75: 63-6.
236. Krahn MD, Mahoney JE, Eckman MH, Trachtenberg J, Pauker
SG, Detsky AS. Screening for prostate cancer. A decision analytic
view. JAMA 1994; 272; 773-80.
237. Whitmore WF. Localised prostatic cancer: Management and detec-tion
issues. Lancet 1994; 343; 1263-7.
238. Optenberg SA, Thompson IM. Economics of screening for carcin-oma
of the prostate. Urol Clin North Am 1990; 17; 719-37.
239. Varenhorst E, Carlsson P, Hagström I, Lindahl T, Löfman O, Brage
HN et al. Erfarenhet från sex års undersökningar av prostatacan-cer.
Allmän screening är inte aktuell! Läkartidningen 1996; 93:
2940-6.
240. Hugosson J, Aus G, Becker C, Carlsson S, Eriksson H, Lilja H at al.
Would prostate cancer detected at PSA screening develop into
clinical cancer if left undiagnosed? A comparison between two
population-based studies from Göteborg, Sweden. Br J Urol 1998 (i
trykken).
241. Newcomer LM, Stanford JL, Blumenstein BA, Brawer MK. Tem-poral
trends in rates of prostate cancer: declining incidence of ad-vanced
stage disease, 1974 to 1994. J Urol 1997; 158: 1427-30.
242. Alexander T. One mans tough choices on prostate cancer. Fortune
1993; September 20: 72-81.
243. Sobin LH, Wittekind C, eds. Union Internationale Centre Le Can-cer.
TNM Classification of malignant tumours. 5th ed. 1997. New
York: Wiley-Liss, Inc, 1977.
244. Rifkin MD, Zerhouni EA, Gatsonis CA, Quint LE, Pausher DM,
Epstein JI et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ul-trasound
in staging early prostate cancer. Results of a multi-institu-tional
cooperative trial. New Engl J Med 1990; 323: 621-6.
245. Lorentzen T, Nerström H, Iversen P, Torp-Pedersen ST. Local stag-ing
of prostate cancer with transrectal ultrasound: A literature re-view.
Prostate 1992; 4; 11-6.
246. Ravery V, Limot O, Tobolski F, Boccon-Gibod LA, Toublanc M,
Hermieu JF et al. Advances in the assessment of clinically localized
prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1996; 29: 257-65.
247. Debras B, Guillonneau B, Bougaran J, Chambon E, Vallancien G.
Prognostic significance of seminal vesicle invasion in the radical
prostatectomy specimen. Rationale for seminal vesicle biopsies.
Eur Urol 1998; 33: 271-7.
248. Perrotti M, Kaufman RP, Jennings TA, Thaler HT, Soloway SM,
Rifkin MD et al. Endo-rectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in
clinically localized prostate cancer: is it accurate? J Urol 1996; 156:
106-9.
249. Roy RR, Nathan BE, Beales JSM, Chisholm GD. 8-flourine total
body scans in patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol
1971; 43: 58-64.
250. O'Mara RE. Skeletal scanning in neoplastic disease. Cancer 1976;
37: 480-5.
251. Langhammer H, Sintermann R, Hör G, Pabst HW. Serial bone scin-tigraphy
for assessing the effectiveness of treatment of osseous
metastases from prostatic cancer. NuklearMedizin 1978; 17: 87-91.
252. Chisholm GD, Stone AR, Beynon LL, Merrick MV. The bone scan
as a tumour marker in prostatic carcinoma. Eur Urol 1982; 8: 257-60.
253. Osmond JD, Pendergrass HP, Potsaid MS. Accuracy of 99-Tc-m-diphosphonate
bone scans and roentgenograms in the detection of
prostate, breast and lung carcinoma metastases. Am J Roentgenol
1975; 125: 972-7.
254. Flanigan RC, McKay TC, Olson M, Shankey TV, Pyle J, Waters
WB. Limited efficacy of preoperative computed tomographic scan-ning
for the evaluation of lymph node metastasis in patients before
radical prostatectomy. Urology 1996; 48: 428-32.
255. McDowell GC, Johnston JW, Tenney DM, Johnston DE. Pelvic lym-phadenectomy
for staging clinically localized prostate cancer. Indi-cations,
complications, and results in 217 cases. Urology 1990; 35:
476-82.
256. Kerbl K, Clayman RV, Petros JA, Chandhoke PS, Gill IS. Staging
pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer: a comparison of la-paroscopic
and open techniques. J Urol 1993; 150: 396-9.
257. Weingartner K, Ramaswamy A, Bittinger A, Gerharz EW, Voge D,
Riedmiller H. Anatomical basis for pelvic lymphadenectomy in pro-state
cancer: results of an autopsy study and implications for the
clinic. J Urol 1996; 156: 1969-71.
258. Davis GL. Sensitivity of frozen section examination of pelvic lymph
nodes for metastatic prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1995; 76: 661-8.
259. Campbell SC, Klein EA, Levin HS, Piedmonte MR. Open pelvic
lymph node dissection for prostate cancer: a reassessment. Uro-logy
1995; 46: 352-5.
260. Bishoff JT, Reyes A, Thompson IM, Harris MJ, St-Clair SR, Gomella
L et al. Pelvic lymphadenectomy can be omitted in selected pa-tients
with carcinoma of the prostate: development of a system of
patient selection. Urology 1995; 45: 270-4.
261. Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong ENP, Walsh PC, Wojno KJ, Oester-ling
JE et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical
stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized
prostate cancer. JAMA 1997; 277: 1445-51.
262. Cooner WH. Definition of the ideal tumor marker. Urol Clin North
Am 1993; 20: 575-9.
263. Oesterling JE. Prostate specific antigen: a critical assessment of
the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
J Urol 1991; 145: 907-23.
264. Ploch NR, Brawer MK. How to use prostate-specific antigen. Uro-logy
1994; 43[Suppl 2]: 27-35.
265. Partin AW, Oesterling JE. The clinical usefulness of prostate spe-cific
antigen: update 1994. J Urol 1994; 152: 1358-68.
266. Brawer MK. Prostate-specific antigen: critical issues. Urology
1994; 44[Suppl 6A]: 9-17.
267. Brasso K, Skaarup P, Roosen J, Iversen P. Anvendelse af prosta-taspecifikt
antigen. En oversigt. Ugeskr Laeger 1998; 160: 4510-6.
268. Brawer M, Abrahamsson PA, Blumenstein B, Catalona W, Gil-baugh
J, Kuriyama M et al. PSA and other serum markers. I:
Murphy G, Griffiths K, Denis L, Khoury S, Chatelain C, Cockett
AT, eds. Proceedings. First International Consultation on Prostate
Cancer. Scientific Communication International Ltd, 1997: 87-140.
269. Kelly WK, Scher HI, Mazumdar M, Vlamis V, Schwartz M, Fosså
SD. Prostate specific antigen as a measure of disease outcome in
metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993;
11: 596-9.
270. Lowe FC, Trauzzi SJ. Prostatic acid phosphatase in 1993. Its limited
clinical utility. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 589-95.
271. Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. Purification of a
human prostate specific antigen. Invest Urol 1979; 17: 159-63.
272. Wang MC, Kuriyama M, Papsidero LD, Loor RM, Valenzuela LA,
Murphy GP et al. Prostate antigen in human cancer patients. I:
Busch H, Yeoman LC, eds. Methods in cancer research: tumor
markers. New York: Academic Press, 1982: 179-97.
273. Sensabaugh GF. Isolation and characterization of a serum-specific
protein from human seminal plasma: a potential new marker for se-men
identification. J Forensic Sci 1978; 23: 106-15.
274. Lilja H. A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid leaves the
predominant seminal vesicle protein. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1899-903.
275. Yang N. Pros-Check PSA: a double antibody radioimmunoassay for
prostate specific antigen. I: Catalona WJ, Coffey DS, Karr JP, eds.
Clinical aspects of prostatic cancer. New York: Elsevier Science
Publishing Co, 1989: 197-200.
276. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E.
Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of
the prostate. New Engl J Med 1987; 317: 909-16.
277. Armitage TA, Cooper EH, Newling DW, Robinson MR, Appleyard
I. The value of the measurement of serum prostate specific antigen
in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and untreated pro-state
cancer. Br J Urol 1988; 62: 584-9.
278. Partin AW, Carter HB, Chan DW, Epstein JI, Oesterling JE, Rock
RE et al. Prostate specific antigen in the staging of localized pro-state
cancer: influence of tumor differentiation, tumor volume and
benign hyperplasia. J Urol 1990; 143: 747-52.
279. Bahnson RR. Elevation of prostate specific antigen from bacillus
Calmette-Guerin-induced granulomatous prostatitis. J Urol 1991;
146: 1368-9.
280. Neal DJ Jr, Clejan S, Sarma D, Moon TD. Prostate specific antigen
in prostatitis I. Effect on serum PSA in human and nonhuman pri-mate.
Prostate 1992; 20: 105-11.
281. Brawn PN, Foster DM, Jay DW, Kuhl D, Speights VO, Johnson EH
et al. Characteristics of prostate infarcts and their effect on serum
prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. Urology
1994; 44: 71-5.
282. Nadler RB, Humphry PA, Smith DS, Catalona WJ, Ratliff TL. Effect
of inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia on elevated se-rum
prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1995; 154: 407-13.
283. Myrtle JE, Klimley PG, Ivor LP, Bruni JF. Clinical utility of prostate
specific antigen (PSA) in the management of prostate cancer. Adv
Cancer Diag, Hybritech, Inc. 1986: 1-6.
284. Chan DW, Bruzek DJ, Oesterling JE, Rock RC, Walsh PC. Prostate
specific antigen as a marker for prostatic cancer: a monoclonal and
a polyclonal immunoassay compared. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1916-20.
285. Horton GL, Bahnson RR, Daft M, Chan KM, Catalona WJ, La-denson
JH. Differences in values obtained with 2 assays of prostate
specific antigen. J Urol 1988; 139: 762-72.
286. Vessella RL, Noteboom J, Lange PH. Evaluation of the Abbott IMx
automated immunoassay of prostate-specific antigen. Clin Chem
1992; 38: 2044-54
287. Jacobsen SJ, Lilja H, Klee GG, Wright GL, Pettersson K, Oesterling
JE. Comparability of the tandem-R and IMx assays for the meas-urement
of serum prostate-specific antigen. Urology 1994; 44: 512-
8.
288. Nakamura RM. Current and future directions regarding quality as-surance
and and standardization of prostate specific antigen im-munoassays.
Cancer 1994; 74: 1655-9.
289. Stamey TA, Prestigiacomo AF, Chen Z. Standardization of immu-noassays
for prostate specific antigen. Cancer 1994; 74: 1662-6.
290. Stamey TA. Second Stanford conference on international standar-dization
of prostate-specific antigen immunoassays: september 1
and 2, 1994. Urology 1995; 45: 173-84.
291. Christensson A, Laurell C-B, Lilja H. Enzymatic activity of prostate-specific
antigen and its reactions with extracellular serine protein-ase
inhibitors. Eur J Biochem 1990; 194: 755-63.
292. Stenman UH, Leinonen J, Alfthan H, Rannikko S, Tuhkanen K, Alft-han
O. A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha-1-an-tichymo-
trypsin is the major form of prostate-specific antigen in se-rum
of patients with prostatic cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 222-6.
293. Graves HCB, Wehner N, Stamey TA. Ultrasensitive radioimmuno-assay
of prostate-specific antigen. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 735-42.
294. Vessella RL. Trends in immunoassays of prostate-specific antigen:
serum complexes and ultrasensitivity. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 2035-9.
295. Yu H, Diamandis EP. Ultrasensitive time-resolved immunofluoro-metric
assay of prostate-specific antigen in serum and preliminary
clinical studies. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 2108-14.
296. Liedtke RJ, Kroon G, Ratjer JD. Modified assay of prostate-specific
antigen with a detection limit of < 0.01 ?g/l. Clin Chem 1993; 39:
2150-4.
297. Lilja H. Significance of different molecular forms of serum PSA.
The free, noncomplexed form of PSA versus that complexed to al-pha-
1-antichymotrypsin. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 681-6.
298. Klee GG, Preissner CM, Oesterling JE. Development of a highly
sensitive immunochemiluminometric assay for prostate-specific
antigen. Urology 1994; 44: 76-82.
299. Prestigiacomo AF, Stamey TA. A comparison of 4 ultrasensitive
prostate specific antigen assays for early detection of residual can-cer
after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1994; 152: 1515-9.
300. Maatman TJ. The role of prostate specific antigen as a marker in
men with advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1989;
141: 1378-80.
301. Glenski WJ, Klee GG, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE. Prostate-spe-cific
antigen: establishment of the reference range for the clinically
normal prostate gland and the effect of digital rectal examination,
ejaculation, and time on serum concentrations. Prostate 1992; 21:
99-110.
302. Mermall H, Sothern RB, Kanabrocki EL, Quadri SF, Bremner FW,
NemchauskyBA et al. Temporal (circadian) functional relationship
between prostate-specific antigen and testosterone in healthy men.
Urology 1995; 46: 45-53.
303. Stamey TA. Prostate specific antigen in the treatment of adenocar-cinoma
of the prostate. Monogr Urol 1989; 10: 50-64.
304. Guess HA, Heyse JF, Gormley GL, Storner E, Oesterling JE. Effect
of finasteride on serum PSA concentration in men with benign pro-static
hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 627-36.
305. Stoner E, Round E, Ferguson D, Gormley GJ, and the Finasteride
Group. Clinical experience of the detection of prostate cancer in pa-tients
with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with finasteride. J
Urol 1994; 151: 1296-300.
306. Narayan P, Tewari A, Jacob G, Mahmood I, Gajendran V, Presti J.
Differential suppression of prostatic acid phosphatase and pro-state-
specific antigen by 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. Br J Urol 1995;
75: 642-6.
307. Yuan JJJ, Coplen DE, Petros JA, Figenshau RS, Ratliff TL, Smith
DS et al. Effects of rectal examination, prostatic massage, ultrason-ography
and needle biopsy on serum prostate specific antigen
levels. J Urol 1992; 147: 810-4.
308. Oesterling JE, Rice DC, Glenski WJ, Bergstralh EJ. Effect of
cystoscopy, prostate biopsy and transurethral resection of prostate
on serum prostate-specific antigen concentration. Urology 1993; 42
276-82.
309. Chybowski FM, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE. The effect of digital
rectal examination of the serum prostate-specific antigen concen-tration:
results of a randomized study. J Urol 1992; 148: 83-6.
310. Talley DR, Hartman DM, Clejan S, Crawford ED. Effect of digital
rectal examination on monoclonal Hybritech and polyclonal Yang
prostatic-specific antigen. Urology 1994; 44 (Suppl 6A): 26-8.
311. Marks LS, Dorey FJ, Rhodes T, Shery ED, Rittenhouse H, Partin
AW at al. Serum prostate specific antigen levels after transurethral
resection of the prostate: a longitudenal characterization in men
with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1996; 156: 1035-9.
312. Ercole CJ, Lange PH, Mathisen M, Chiou RK, Reddy PK, Vessella
RL. Prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in the
monitoring and staging of patients with prostatic cancer. J Urol
1987; 138: 1181-4.
313. Ferro MA, Barnes I, Roberts JBM, Smith PJB. Tumour markers in
prostatic carcinoma: a comparison of prostate-specific antigen with
acid phosphatase. Br J Urol 1987; 60: 69-73.
314. Lange PH, Ercole CJ, Lightner DJ, Fraley EE, Vessella RL. The
value of serum prostate specific antigen determinations before and
after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1989; 141: 873-9.
315. Hudson MA, Bahnson RR, Catalona WJ. Clinical use of prostate
specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 1989; 142:
1011-7.
316. Rommel FM, Agusta VE, Bresslin JA, Huffnagle HW, Pohl CE,
Sieber PR et al. The use of prostate specific antigen and prostate
specific antigen density in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in a
community based urological practise. J Urol 1994; 151: 88-93.
317. Kleer E, Oesterling JE. PSA and staging of localized prostate can-cer.
Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 695-704.
318. Powell CS, Fielding AM, Rosser K, Ames AC, Vayghton KC. Pro-state
specific antigen: a screening test for prostatic cancer? Br J
Urol 1989; 64: 504-6.
319. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TJ, Dodds KM, Coplen DE, Yuan JJJ
et al. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screen-ing
test for prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1156-61.
320. Labrie F, DuPont A, Suburu R, Cusan L, Tremblay M, Gomez, J-L
et al. Serum prostate specific antigen as pre-screening test for pro-state
cancer. J Urol 1992; 147: 846-52.
321. Brawer MK, Beatie J, Werner MH, Vessella RL, Preston SD, Lange
PH. Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific anti-gen:
results of the second year. J Urol 1993; 150: 106-9.
322. Andersen BR, Knorr UBS, Brasso K, Iversen P. Prostata specifikt
antigen, sure fosfataser og rektaleksploration i diagnostik af cancer
prostatae. Ugeskr Laeger 1997; 159: 2538-42.
323. Hugosson J. European randomized study for prostate cancer: re-sults
of PSA-related screening in Göteborg. I: Fritz H. Schröder, ed.
Recent advances in prostate cancer and BPH. The Proceedings of
the IV Congress on Progress and Controversies in Urological On-cology
(PACIOU IV). London: Parthenon Publishing Group, 1997:
179-84.
324. Tibblin G, Welin L, Bergström R, Ronquist G, Norlen BJ, Adami HO.
The value of prostate specific antigen in the early diagnosis of pro-state
cancer: the study of men born in 1913. J Urol 1995; 154: 1386-9.
325. Ellis WJ, Chetner MP, Preston SD, Brawer MK. Diagnosis of pro-static
carcinoma: the yield of serum prostate specific antigen, digi-tal
rectal examination and trans-rectal ultrasonography. J Urol
1994; 152: 1520-5.
326. Cooner WH, Mosley BR, Rutherford CL Jr., Beard JH, Pond HS,
Terry WJ et al. Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urological
practice by ultra-sonography, digital rectal examination and pro-state
specific antigen. J Urol 1990; 143: 1146-52.
327. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Chute CG, Guess HA, Girman CJ, Pan-ser
LA, Lieber MM. Serum prostate-specific antigen i a com-munity-
based population of healthy men: establishment of age-specific
reference ranges. JAMA 1993; 270: 860-4.
328. Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Kopp JB. Prostate specific antigen levels
in men older than 50 years without clinical evidence of prostatic
carcinoma. J Urol 1993; 150: 1837-9.
329. Oesterling JE, Cooner WH, Jacobsen SJ, Guess HA, Lieber MM.
Influence of patient age on the serum PSA concentration. Urol Clin
North Am 1993; 20: 671-80.
330. Catalona WJ, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Richie JP, Ahmann ER, Fla-nigan
RC et al. Selection of optimal prostate specific antigen cutoffs
for early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating charac-teristic
curves. J Urol 1994; 152: 2037-42.
331. Speights VO Jr., Brawn PN, Foster DM, Spiekerman AM, Kuhl D,
Riggs MW. Evaluation of age-specific normal ranges for prostate-specific
antigen. Urology 1995; 45: 454-8.
332. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Cooner WH. The use of age-specific re-ference
ranges for serum prostate specific antigen in men 60 years
or older. J Urol 1995; 153: 1160-3.
333. Anderson JR, Strickland D, Corbin D, Byrnes JA, Zweiback E. Age-specific
reference ranges for serum prostate-specific antigen. Uro-logy
1995; 46: 54-7.
334. El-Galley RES, Petros JA, Sanders WH, Keane TE, Galloway NTM,
Cooner WH. Normal range prostate-specific antigen versus age-specific
prostate-specific antigen in screening for prostate adeno-carcinoma.
Urology 1995; 46: 200-4.
335. Benson MC, Whang IS, Pantuck A, Ring K, Kaplan SA, Olsson CA
et al. Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing
benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Urol 1992; 147:
815-6.
336. Benson MC, Whang IS, Olsson CA, McMahon DJ, Cooner WH.
The use of prostate specific antigen density to enhance the pre-dictive
value of intermediate levels of serum prostate specific anti-gen.
J Urol 1992; 147: 817-21.
337. Brawer MK, Aramburu EAG, Chen GL, Preston SD, Ellis WJ. The
inability of prostate specific antigen index to enhance the pre-dictive
value of prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis of pro-static
carcinoma. J Urol 1993; 150: 369-73.
338. Seaman E, Whang IS, Olsson CA, Katz A, Cooner WH, Benson
MC. PSA density (PSAD). Role in patient evaluation and manage-ment.
Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 653-63.
339. Benson MC, Olsson CA. Prostate specific antigen and prostate spe-cific
antigen density. Cancer 1994; 74: 1667-73.
340. Semjonow A, Hamm M, Rathert P, Hertle L. Prostate-specific anti-gen
corrected for prostate volume improves differentiation of be-nign
prostatic hyperplasia and organ-confined prostatic cancer. Br
J Urol 1994; 73: 538-43.
341. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, DeKernion JB, Ahmann FR, Ratliff TL, Dal-kin
BL et al. Comparison of prostate specific antigen concentration
versus prostate specific antigen density in the early detection of
prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. J Urol
1994; 152: 2031-6.
342. Zlotta AR, Djavan B, Marberger M, Schulman CC. Prostate speci-fic
antigen density of the transition zone: a new effective parameter
for prostate cancer prediction. J Urol 1997; 157: 1335-6.
343. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, Brant LJ. Chan DW, Andres R
et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate specific antigen levels in
men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992; 267: 2215-20.
344. Carter HB, Pearson JD. PSA velocity for the diagnosis of early pro-state
cancer. A new concept. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 665-70.
345. Oesterling JE, Chute CG, Jacobsen, SJ, Guess HA, Panser LA, John-son
CL et al. Longitudinal changes in serum PSA (PSA velocity) in a
community based cohort of men [abstract]. J Urol 1993; 149: A412.
346. Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Rate of change in serum prostate specific
antigen levels as a method for prostate cancer detection. J Urol
1994; 152: 1163-7.
347. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Waclawiw Z, Metter EJ, Chan DW, Guess
HA et al. Prostate-specific antigen variability in men without pro-state
cancer: effect of sampling interval on prostate-specific anti-gen
velocity. Urology 1995; 45: 591-6.
348. Christensson.A, Björk T, Nilsson O, Dahlén U, Matikainen M,
Cockett ATK et al. Serum prostate specific antigen complexed to
alpha-1-antichymotrypsin as an indicator of prostate cancer. J Urol
1993; 150: 100-5.
349. Stenman U-H, Hakama M, Knekt P, Aromaa A, Teppo L, Leinonen
J. Serum concentrations of prostate specific antigen and its com-plex
with alpha-1-antichymo-trypsin before diagnosis of prostate
cancer. Lancet 1994; 344: 1594-8.
350. Luderer AA, Chen Y-T, Soriano T, Kramp WJ, Carlson G, Cuny C et
al. Measurement of the proportion of free to total prostate-specific
antigen improves diagnostic performance of prostate-specific anti-gen
in the diagnostic gray zone of total prostate-specific antigen.
Urology 1995; 46: 187-94.
351. Lilja H, Björk T, Abrahamsson PA, Stenman U, Shaw N, Dowell B
et al. Improved separation between normals, BPH and carcinoma
of the prostate by measuring free, complexed and total concentra-tions
of PSA. J Urol 1994; 151: 400A.
352. Kleer E, Larson-Keller JJ, Zincke H, Oesterling JE. Ability of pre-operative
serum prostate-specific antigen value to predict pathologic
stage and DNA ploidy. Influence of clinical stage and tumor grade.
Urology 1993; 41: 207-16.
353. Chybowski FM, Larson-Keller JJ, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE.
Predicting radio-nuclide bone scan finding in patients with newly
diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer: prostate-specific antigen is
superior to all other clinical parameters. J Urol 1991; 145: 313-8.
354. Oesterling JE. Using PSA to eliminate the staging radionuclide
bone scan. Significant economic implications. Urol Clin North Am
1993; 20: 705-11.
355. Gleave ME, Coupland D, Drachenberg D, Cohen L, Kwong S, Gol-denberg
SL et al. Ability of serum prostate-specific antigen levels to
predict normal bone scans in patients with newly diagnosed pro-state
cancer. Urology 1996; 47: 708-12.
356. Miller PD, Eardley I, Kirby RS. Prostate specific antigen and bone
scan correlation in staging and monitoring of patients with pro-static
cancer. Br J Urol 1992; 70: 295-8.
357. Partin AW, Yoo J, Carter HB, Pearson JD, Chan DW, Epstein JI et
al. The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason
score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate
cancer. J Urol 1993; 150: 110-4.
358. Stein A, DeKernion JB, Dorey F. Prostate specific antigen related
to clinical status 1 to 14 years after radical retropubic prostatect-omy.
Br J Urol 1991; 67: 626-31.
359. Stamey TA, Kabalin JN, McNeal JE, Johnstone IM, Freiha FS,
Redwine EA et al. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and
treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. II. Radical prostatect-omy
treated patients. J Urol 1989; 141: 1076-83.
360. Frazier A, Robertson JE, Humphry PA, Paulson DF. Is prostate spe-cific
antigen of clinical importence in evaluating outcome after rad-ical
prostatectomy? J Urol 1993; 149: 516-8.
361. Fowler JE Jr., Brooks J, Pandey P, Seaver LE. Variable histology of
anastomotic biopsies with detectable prostate specific antigen after
radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1995; 153: 1011-4.
362. Damico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Schultz D, Schnall M,
Tomaszewski JE et al. A multivariate analysis of clinical and pa-thological
factors that predict for prostate specific antigen failure
after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Urol 1995; 154:
131-8.
363. Partin AW, Pearson JD, Landis JK, Carter HB, Pound CR, Clemens
JQ et al. Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen velocity after radi-cal
prostatectomy to distinguish local recurrence from distant me-tastases.
Urology 1994; 43: 649-59.
364. Zagars GK, Pollack A, Kavadi VS, Von Eschenbach AC. Prostate-specific
antigen and radiation therapy for clinically localized pro-state
cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 32: 293-8.
365. Zietman AL, Tibbs MK, Dallow KC, Smith CT, Althausen AF,
Zlotecki RA et al. Use of PSA nadir to predict subsequent bioche-mical
outcome following external beam radiation therapy for T1-
T2 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Radiother Oncol 1996; 40: 159-
62.
366. Zagars GK, Sherman NE, Babaian RJ. Prostate specific antigen and
external beam radiation therapy in prostate cancer. Cancer 1991;
67: 412-20.
367. Zagars GK, Von Eschenbach AC. Prostate-specific antigen. An im-portant
marker for prostate cancer treated by external beam radia-tion
therapy. Cancer 1993; 72: 832-42.
368. Goad JR, Chang S-J, Ohori M, Scardino PT. PSA after definitive ra-diotherapy
for clinically localized prostate cancer. Urol Clin North
Am 1993; 20: 727-36.
369. Stamey TA, Ferrari MK, Schmid HP. The value of serial prostate
specific anti-gen determinations 5 years after radiotherapy: steeply
increasing values characterize 80% of patients. J Urol 1993; 150:
1856-9.
370. Zietman AL, Coen JJ, Shipley WU, Willet CG, Efird JT. Radical ra-diation
therapy in the management of prostatic adenocarcinoma:
the initial prostate specific antigen value as a predictor of treatment
outcome. J Urol 1994; 151: 640-5.
371. Van Cangh PJ, Richard FJ. Prostate-specific antigen after definitive
radiation therapy. Curr Opin Urol 1994; 4: 256-60.
372. Rosenzweig KE, Morgan WR, Lytton B, Peschel RE. Prostate spe-cific
antigen following radiotherapy for local prostate cancer. J
Urol. 1995; 153: 1561-4.
373. Geist RW. Reference range for prostate-specific antigen levels after
external beam radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pro-state.
Urology 1995; 45: 1016-21.
374. Stamey TA, Kabalin JN, Ferrari M, Yang N. Prostate specific anti-gen
in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the pro-state.
IV. Anti-androgen treated patients. J Urol 1989; 141: 1088-90.
375. Matzkin H, Eber P, Todd B, Van der Zwaag R, Soloway MS. Pro-gnostic
significance of changes in prostate-specific markers after
endocrine treatment of stage D2 prostatic cancer. Cancer 1992; 70:
2302-9.
376. Miller JI, Ahmann FR, Drach GW, Emerson SS, Bottaccini MR. The
clinical usefulness of serum prostate specific antigen after hor-
monal therapy of metastatic prostate cancer. J Urol 1992; 147: 956-
61.
377. Reynard JM, Peters TJ, Gillatt D. Prostate-specific antigen and pro-gnosis
in patients with metastatic prostate cancer a multivariable
analysis of prostate cancer mortality. Br J Urol 1995; 75: 507-15.
378. Fowler JE Jr, Pandey P, Seaver LE, Feliz TP, Braswell NT. Prostate
specific antigen regression and progression after androgen depri-vation
for localized and metastatic prostate cancer. J Urol 1995; 153:
1860-5.
379. Riedl CR, Huebner WA, Mossig H, Ogris E, Pflueger H. Prognostic
value of prostate-specific antigen minimum after orchidectomy in
patients with stage C and D prostatic carcinoma. Br. J Urol 1995;
76: 34-40.
380. Evans CP, Gajendran V, Tewari A, Aslam K, Juster R, Gange S et al.
The proportional decrease in prostate specific antigen level best in-dicate
the duration of survival after hormonal therapy in patients
with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 1996; 78: 426-
31.
381. Petros JA, Andriole GL. Serum PSA after antiandrogen therapy.
Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 749-56.
382. Leo ME, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE. Prostate-specific antigen in
hormonally treated D2 prostate cancer: is it always an accurate in-dicator
of disease status? J Urol 1991; 145: 802-6.
383. Wajsman Z, Chu TM, Bross D, Saroff J, Murphy GP, Johnson DE
et al. Clinical significance of serum alkaline phosphatase isoen-zyme
levels in advanced prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1978; 119:
244-6.
384. Urwin GH, Percival RC, Yates AJP, Watson ME, Couch M, Mc-Donald
B et al. Biochemical markers and skeletal metabolism in
carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 7114.
385. Mackintosh J, Simes J, Raghavan D, Pearson B. Prostatic cancer
with bone metastases: serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) as a pre-dictor
of response and the significance of the SAP "flare". Br J Urol
1990; 66: 88-93.
386. Merrick MV, Ding CL, Chisholm GD, Elton RA. Prognostic signifi-cance
of alkaline and acid phosphatase and skeletal scintigraphy in
carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 715-20.
387. Rana A Chisholm GD, Christodoulou D, McIntyre M, Elton RA.
Audit and its impact in the management of advanced prostatic
carcinoma. Br J Urol 1993; 72: 478-83.
388. Pelger RC, Lycklama A, Nijeholt GA, Zwinderman AH, Papapoulos
SE, Hamdy NA. The flare in serum alkaline phosphatase activity
after orchidectomy: a valuable negative prognostic index for pro-gression-
free survival in prostatic carcinoma . J Urol, 1996; 156:
122-6.
389. Isaacs JT, Cussenot O, Jankevicius F, Klocker H, Kubota Y, Morgia
G et al. Growth regulation of normal and malignant prostatic cells.
In. I: Murphy G, Griffiths K, Denis L, Khoury S, Chatelain C,
Cockett AT. First International Consultation on Prostate Cancer.
Scientific Communication International Ltd., 1997: 31-85.
390. Griffiths K, Davies P, Eaton CL, Harper ME, Turkes A, Peeling
WB. Endocrine factors in the initiation, diagnosis, and treatment of
prostatic cancer. I: Voigt K-D, Knabbe C, eds. Endocrine Depend-ent
Tumors. New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1991: 83-130.
391. Coffey DS. The molecular biology, endocrinology, and physiology
of the prostate and seminal vesicles. I: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey
TA, Vaughan ED Jr, eds. Campells urology. Philadelphia: W.B.
Saunders Co, 1992: 221-66.
392. Labrie F, Bélanger A, Dupont A, Luu-The V, Simard J, Labrie C. Sci-ence
behind total androgen blockade: from gene to combination
therapy. Clin Invest Med 1993; 16: 475-92.
393. Oesterling JE, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. The inability of adrenal an-drogens
to stimulate the adult human prostate: an autopsy evalu-ation
of men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and panhypo-pituitarism.
J Urol 1986; 136: 1030-4.
394. Bruchovsky N. Androgens and antiandrogens. I: Holland JF, Frei
III E, Bast RC, Kufe DW, Morton DL, Weichselbaum RR, eds. Can-cer
Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Fibiger, 1993: 884-96.
395. Chisholm GD, Hedlund PO, Adolfsson J, Denis L, Friberg S, Jo-hansson
J-E et al. The TNM system of 1992. Comments from the
TNM working group. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1994; 162: 107-14.
396. Kawakami S, Takagi K, Yonese J, Ueda T, Fukui I, Kawai T. Pro-gnostic
significance of prostate specific antigen levels two months
after hormonal manipulation of metastatic prostate cancer. Eur
Urol 1997; 32: 58-63.
397. Isaacs JT, Schultze H, Coffey DS. Development of androgen resi-stance
in prostatic cancer. Prog Clin Biol Res 1987; 243A: 21-9.
398. Isaacs JT, Coffey DS. Adaptation versus selection as the mechan-ism
responsible for the relapse of prostatic cancer to androgen
ablation therapy as studied in the Dunning R-3327-H adenocarcin-oma.
Cancer Res 1981; 5070-5.
399. Iversen P, on behalf of the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group.
Combined androgen blockade in the treatment of advanced pro-state
cancer an overview. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1997; 31: 249-54.
400. Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Coldman AJ, Goldenberg SL, To
M, Lawson D. Effects on androgen withdrawal on the stemm cell
composition of the Shionogi carcinoma. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 2275-
82.
401. Akakura K, Bruchovsky N, Goldenberg SL, Rennie PS, Buckley
AR, Sullivan LD. Effects of intermittent androgen suppression on
androgen-dependent tumors: apotosis and serum prostate-specific
antigen. Cancer 1993; 71: 2782-90 .
402. Gorelic LS, Lamm DL, Ramzy I, Radwin HM, Shain SA. Androgen
receptors in biopsy specimens of prostate adenocarcinoma he-terogeneity
of distribution and relation to prognostic significance
of receptor measurements for survival of advanced cancer patients.
Cancer 1987; 60: 211-9.
403. Sadi MV, Walsj PC, Barrack ER. Immunohistochemical study of an-drogen
receptors in metastatic prostate cancer comparisons of
receptor content and response to hormonal therapy. Cancer 1991;
67: 3057-64.
404. Crawford ED, Fourcade RO, Iversen P, Keuppens F, Khoury S, La-brie
F et al. Management of newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate
cancer. I: Murphy G, Griffiths K, Denis L, Khoury S, Chatelain C,
Cockett AT, eds. Report from First International Consultation on
Prostate Cancer. Scientific Communication International Ltd, 1997:
267-304.
405. Iversen P. Endocrine therapy - goals and limitations. I: Schröder
FH. Recent Advances in Prostate Cancer and BPH. The Proceed-ings
of the IV Congress on Progress and Controversies in Urolog-ical
Oncology (PACIOU IV). London, Parthenon Publishing
Group, 1997: 147-62.
406. Zhang XZ, Donovan MP, Williams BT, Mohler JL. Comparison of
subcapsular and total orchidectomy for treatment of metastatic
prostate cancer. Urology 1996; 47: 402-4.
407. Daniell HW. Osteoporosis after orchidectomy for prostate cancer. J
Urol 1997; 157: 439-44.
408. Peeling WB. Phase III studies to compare goserelin (Zoladex) with
orchidectomy and with diethylstilbestrol in treatment of prostatic
carcinoma. Urology 1989; 33 Suppl: 45-51.
409. The Leuprolide Study Group. Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol
for metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1281-6.
410. Soloway MS, Smith JA, Chodak G, Scott M, Vogelzang NJ, Kenne-aley
G et al. Zoladex versus orchidectomy in treatment of advanced
prostate cancer: a randomised trial. Urology 1991; 37: 46-51.
411. Townsend MF, Sanders WH, Northway RO, Graham SD. Bone
fractures associated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
agonists used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997;
79: 545-50.
412. Conn PM, Crowley WF Jr. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and
its analogues. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 93-103.
413. Dijkman GA, Debruyne FMJ, Fernandez del Moral P, Plasman
JWMH, Hoefakker JW, Idema JG et al. A randomised trial compar-ing
the safety and efficacy of the Zoladex 10.8-mg Depot, admin-istered
every 12 weeks, to that of the Zoladex 3.6-mg Depot, adm-inistered
every 4 weeks, in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Eur Urol 1995; 27: 43-6.
414. Waxman J, Man A, Hendry WF, Whitfield HN, Besser GM, Tiptaft
RC et al. Importance of early tumour exacerbation in patients trea-ted
with long acting analogues of gonadotrophin releasing hor-mone
for advanced prostatic cancer. Br Med J 1985; 291: 1387-8.
415. Thompson IM, Zeidman EJ, Rodriguez FR. Sudden death due to
disease flare with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1990; 140: 1479-80.
416. Pinski J, Yano T, Miller G, Schally AV. Blockade of the LH response
induced by the agonist D-Trp-6-LHRH in rats by a highly potent
LH-RH antagonist SB-75. Prostate 1992; 20: 213-24.
417. Radlmaier A, Bormacher K, Neumann F. Hot flushes: mechanism
and prevention. I: Treatment of prostatic cancer facts and contro-versies.
EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 1990; 8: 131-40.
418. Eaton AC, McGuire N. Cyproterone acetate in treatment of prost-orchidectomy
hot flushes. Lancet 1983; (2): 1336-7.
419. Cox RL, Crawford ED. Estrogens in the treatment of prostate can-cer.
J Urol 1995; 154: 1991-8.
420. Landström M, Damber J-E, Bergh A. Estrogen treatment post-pones
the castration-induced dedifferentiation of Dunnning R3327-
PAP prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostate 1994; 25: 10-7.
421. Alfthan O, Holsti LR. Prevention of gynecomastia by local roentgen
irradiation in estrogen-treated prostatic carcinoma. Scand J Urol
Nephrol 1969; 3: 183-7.
422. Gagnon JD, Moss WT, Stevens KR. Pre-estrogen breast irradiation
for patients with carcinoma of the prostate: a critical review. J Urol
1979; 121: 182-4.
423. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research
Group. Carcinoma of the prostate: treatment comparisons. J Urol
1967; 98: 516-20.
424. Johansson J-E, Andersson S-O, Holmberg L, Bergström R. Primary
orchidectomy versus estrogen therapy in advanced prostatic can-cer
a randomized study. Results after 7 to 10 years of follow-up. J
Urol 1991; 145: 519-23.
425. Kontturi M. Metabolic side-effects of estrogen therapy for prostatic
cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1991; 138 Suppl: 127-31.
426. Von Schoultz B, Carlström K, Collste L, Eriksson A, Henriksson P,
Pousette A et al. Estrogen therapy and liver function. Metabolic ef-fects
of oral and parenteral administration. Prostate 1989; 14: 389-95.
427. Henriksson P, Blombäck M, Bratt G, Edhag O, Eriksson A. Activa-tors
and inhibitors of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with
prostatic cancer treated with oestrogen or orchidectomy. Throm-bosis
Res 1986; 44: 783-91.
428. De Voogt HJ, Smith PH, Pavone-Macaluso M, De Pauw M, Suciu S,
EORTC Genitourinary Group. Cardiovascular side effects of diet-hylstilbestrol,
cyproterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate
and estramustine phosphate used for the treatment of advanced
prostatic cancer: results from European Organization for Research
on Treatment of Cancer trials 30761 and 30762. J Urol 1986; 135:
303-7.
429. Henriksson P, Edhag O, Eriksson A, Johansson SF. Patients at high
risk of cardiovascular complications in oestrogen treatment of pro-static
cancer. Br J Urol 1989; 63: 186-90.
430. Stege R, Sander S. Endocrine treatment of prostatic cancer. A re-naissance
for parenteral estrogen.Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1993;
113: 833-5.
431. Mikkola AKK, Ruutu ML, Aro JLV, Rannikko SAS, Salo JO, Finn-prostate
Group. Parenteral polyestradiol phosphate vs orchidect-omy
in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. Efficacy and
cardiovascular complications: a 2-year follow-up report of a na-tional,
prospective prostatic cancer study. Br J Urol 1998; 82: 63-8.
432. Goldenberg Sl, Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Coppin CM. The com-bination
of cyproterone acetate and low dose diethylstilbestrol in
the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1988; 140:
1460-5.
433. Soloway MS, Matzkin H. Antiandrogenic agents as monotherapy in
advanced prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 1993; 71: 1083-8.
434. Goldenberg SL, Bruchovsky N. Use of cyproterone acetate in pro-state
cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1991; 18: 111-22.
435. Schröder FH. Cyproterone acetate results of clinical trials and in-dications
for use in human prostate cancer. I: Denis L, ed. Anti-androgens
in prostate cancer (ESO Monograph). Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1996: 45-51.
436. Thorpe SC, Azmatullah S, Fellows GJ, Gingell JC, OBoyle PJ. A
prospective, randomized study to compare goserelin acetate (Zola-dex)
versus cyproterone acetate versus a combination of the two in
the treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Eur Urol 1996; 29:
47-54.
437. Moffat LEF. Comparison of Zoladex, diethylstilbestrol and cypro-terone
acetate treatment in advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol
1990; 18 Suppl 3: 26-7.
438. Boccon-Gibod L, Laudat MH, Dugue MA, Steg A. Cyproterone
acetate lead-in prevents initial rise of serum testosterone induced
by LHRH analogs in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the
prostate. Eur Urol 1986; 12: 400-2.
439. Iversen P. Update of monotherapy trials with the new anti-andro-gen,
Casodex (ICI 176, 334). Eur Urol 1995; 26 Suppl 1: 5-9.
440. Schellhammer P. Bicalutamide (Casodex tm ). Exp Opin Invest
Drugs 1996; 5: 1707-22.
441. Lund F, Rasmussen F. Flutamide versus stilboestrol in the mana-gement
of advanced prostatic cancer. A controlled prospective
study. Br J Urol 1988; 61: 140-2.
442. Boccon-Gibod L, Fournier G, Bottet P, Marechal JM, Guiter J,
Rischman P et al. Flutamide versus orchidectomy in the treatment
of metastatic prostate carcinoma. Eur Urol 1997; 32: 391-6.
443. Dalaere KPJ, Van Thillo EL. Flutamide monotherapy as primary
treatment in advanced prostatic carcinoma. Semin Oncol 1991; 18:
13-8.
444. Chang A, Yeap B, Davis T, Blum R, Hahn R, Khanna O et al.
Double-blind, randomized study of primary hormonal treatment of
stage D2 prostate carcinoma: flutamide versus diethylstilbestrol. J
Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2250-7.
445. Tyrrell CJ, Kaisary AV, Iversen P, Andersson JB, Baert L, Tammela
T et al. A randomised comparison of "Casodex" TM (bicalutamide)
150 mg monotherapy versus castration in the treatment of metastatic
and locally advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1998; 33: 447-56.
446. Iversen P, Tyrrell CJ, Kaisary AV, Anderson JB, Baert L, Tammela
T et al. "Casodex" (Bicalutamide) 150 mg monotherapy compared
with castration in patients with previously untreated non-metastatic
prostate cancer: results from two multicenter randomized trials at
a median follow-up of 4 years. Urology 1998; 51: 389-96.
447. Wysowski DK, Fourcroy JL. Flutamide hepatotoxicity. J Urol 1996;
155: 209-12.
448. Møller S, Iversen P, Franzmann M-B. Flutamide-induced liver fail-ure.
Hepatology 1990; 10: 346-9.
449. Kasperk CH, Wegedal JE, Farley JR, Linkhart TA, Turner RT, Bay-link
DJ. Androgens directly stimulate proliferation of bone cells in
vitro. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 1576-8.
450. Scher HI, Kelly WK. Flutamide withdrawal syndrome: its impact on
clinical trials in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol
1993; 11: 1566-71.
451. Small EJ, Carroll PR. Prostate-specific antigen decline after Caso-dex
withdrawal: evidence for an antiandrogen withdrawal syn-drome.
Urology 1994; 43: 408-10.
452. Dawson NA, McLeod DG. Dramatic prostate specific antigen de-crease
in response to discontinuation of megestrol acetate in ad-vanced
prostate cancer: expansion of the antiandrogen withdrawal
syndrome. J Urol 1995; 153: 1946-7.
453. Kelly WK, Slovin S, Scher HI. Steroid hormone withdrawal syn-dromes.
Pathophysiology and clinical significance. Urol Clin North
Am 1997; 24: 421-31.
454. Presti JC, Fair WR, Andriole J, Sogano PC, Seidmon EJ, Ferguson
D et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled
study to investigate the effect of finasteride (MK-906) on stage D
prostate cancer. J Urol 1992; 148: 1201-4.
455. Fleshner NE, Trachtenberg J. Treatment of advanced prostate can-cer
with the combination of finasteride plus flutamide: early re-sults.
Eur Urol 1993; 24 Suppl 2: 106-12.
456. Bracci U. Present procedures in the treatment of prostatic cancer.
I: Bracci U, Di Silverio F, eds. Hormonal therapy of prostatic can-cer.
Palermo: Cofese, 1977: 177-92.
457. Labrie F, Dupont A, Belanger A. Complete androgen blockade for
the treatment of prostatic cancer. I: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosen-berg
SA, eds. Important advances in oncology. Philadelphia: JB
Lippincott, 1985: 193-217.
458. Blumenstein BA. Overview analysis issues using combined andro-gen
deprivation overview analysis as an example. Urol Oncol 1995;
1: 95-100.
459. Blumenstein BA: Some statistical considerations for the interpreta-tion
of trials of combined androgen therapy. Cancer 1993; 72: 3834-
40.
460. Denis LJ, Whelan P, Carneiro de Moura JL, Newling D, Bono A,
Depauw M et al. Goserelin acetate and flutamide versus bilateral
orchiectomy: A phase III EORTC trial (30853). Urology 1993; 42:
119-30.
461. Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DG, Spaulding JT,
Benson R, Dorr FA et al. A controlled trial of leuprolide with and
without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1989: 321:
419-24.
462. Janknegt RA, Abbou CC, Bartoletti R, Bernstein-Hahn L, Bracken
B, Brisset JM et al. Orchiectomy and nilutamide or placebo as
treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer in a multinational double-blind
randomized trial. J Urol 1993; 149: 77-83.
463. Iversen P, Christensen MG, Friis E, Hornbøl P, Hvidt V, Iversen HG
et al. A Phase III trial of zoladex and flutamide versus orchiectomy
in the treatment of patients with advanced carcinoma of the pro-state.
Cancer 1990; 66: 1058-66.
464. Jørgensen T, Tveter KJ, Jørgensen LH, SPCG-2 group. Total an-drogen
suppression: experience from the Scandinavian Prostatic
Cancer Group Study No. 2. Eur Urol 1993; 24: 466-70.
465. Tyrrell CJ, Altwein JE, Klippel F, Varenhorst E, Lunglmayr G, Boc-cardo
F et al. A multicenter randomized trial comparing the luteini-
zing hormone-releasing hormone analogue goserelin acetate alone
and with flutamide in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. J
Urol 1991; 146: 1321-6.
466. Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Maximum andro-gen
blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of 22 ran-domised
trials with 3283 deaths in 5710 patients. Lancet 1995: 346:
265-9.
467. Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DG, Wilding G, Blu-menstein
B. Comparison of bilateral orchiectomy with or without
flutamide for the treatment of patients with stage D2 adenocarcin-oma
of the prostate: results of NCI Intergroup Study 0105 (SWOG
and ECOG [abstract]. J Urol 1997; 157 Suppl: 1311.
468. The Veterans Administration Co-Operative Urological Research
Group. Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the pro-state.
Surg, Gynecol Obstet 1967; May: 1011-7.
469. Kozlowski JM, Ellis WJ, Grayhack JT. Advanced prostatic carcin-oma.
Early versus late endocrine therapy. Urol Clin North Am
1991; 18: 15-24.
470. Kramolowsky EV. The value of testosterone deprivation in stage
D1 carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1988; 139; 1242-4.
471. van Aubel OGJM, Hoekstra WJ, Schröder FH. Early orchiectomy
for patients with stage D1 prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1985; 134:
292-4.
472. van den Ouden D, Tribukait B, Blom JHM, Fossa SD, Kurth KH,
Ten Kate FJW et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy of core biopsies
and metastatic lymph nodes of prostate cancer patients: impact on
time to progression. J Urol 1993; 150: 400-6.
473. Fellows GJ, Clark PB, Beynon, LL, Boreham J, Keen C, Parkinson
MC et al. Treatment of advanced localised prostatic cancer by or-chidectomy,
radiotherapy, or combined treatment. A Medical Re-search
Council Study. Br J Urol 1992; 70: 304-9.
474. The Medical Research Council Prostate Cancer Working Party In-vestigators
Group. Immediate versus deferred treatment for ad-vanced
prostatic cancer: initial results of the Medical Research
Council trial. Br J Urol 1997; 79: 235-46.
475. Herr HW, Kornblith AB, Ofman U. A comparison of the quality of
life of patients with metastatic prostate cancer who received or did
not receive hormonal therapy. Cancer 1993; 71: 1143-50.
476. Fourcade RO, McLeod D, Iversen P, Wirth M, Cosaert J, Kolven-bag
G et al. Can hormonal treatment be beneficial for non-meta-static
prostate cancer patients? Initiation of a world-wide study. I:
Murphy G, Griffiths K, Denis L, Khoury S, Chatelain C, Cockett
AT eds. Proceedings of the First International Consultation on Pro-state
Cancer. Scientific Communication International Ltd., 1997:
267-303.
477. Huland H, Ackermann, Adolfsson J, Arai Y, Andriole GL, Frohmül-ler
H et al. Treatment of localised disease: treatment of clinically
localised prostate cancer (T1/T2). I: Murphy G, Griffiths K, Denis
L, Khoury S, Chatelain C, Cockett AT, eds. Procedings of the First
International Consultation on Prostate Cancer. Scientific Commun-ication
International Ltd., 1997: 227-58.
478. Jonsson PM, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Heggestad T, Iversen P, Lei-sti
S. Management of early prostatic cancer in the Nordic coun-tries:
variations in clinical policies and physicians attitudes toward
radical treatment. A Nordic Evaluation of Medical Technology
(NEMT) survey. Int J Technol Assess in Health Care 1995; 11: 66-78.
479. Iversen P, Madsen PO, Corle DK. Radical prostatectomy versus ex-pectant
treatment for early carcinoma of the prostate. Twenty-three
year follow-up of a prospective randomized study. Scand J
Urol Nephrol 1995; Suppl 172; 65-72.
480. Johansson J-E, Adami H-O, Andersson S-O, Bergström R, Holm-berg
L, Krusemo UB. High 10-year survival rate in patients with
early, untreated prostatic cancer. JAMA 1992; 267: 2191-6.
481. Johansson J-E, Holmberg L. The natural course of prostate cancer.
Updated Örebro study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1995; 29 Suppl 174;
25-6.
482. Iversen P. Prostata cancer. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1997; 159: 2519.
483. Chodak GW, Thisted RA, Gerber GS, Johansson JE, Adolfsson J,
Jones GW et al. Results of conservative manegement of clinically
localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 242-8.
484. Brasso K, Friis S, Juel K, Jørgensen T, Iversen P. Mortality in pa-tients
with clinically localized prostate cancer managed with ob-servation
and surviving diagnosis 10 years or more. A population-based
register study. J Urol (i trykken).
485. Hugosson J, Aus G, Bergdahl C, Bergdahl S. Prostate cancer mor-tality
in patients surviving more than 10 years after diagnosis. J
Urol 1995; 154: 2115-7.
486. Zincke H, Oesterling JE, Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, Myers RP, Bar-rett
DM. Long-term (15 years) results after radical prostatectomy
for clinically localized (Stage T2c or lower) prostate cancer. J Urol
1994; 152: 1850-7.
487. Trapasso JG, DeKernion JB, Smith RB, Dorey F. The incidence and
significance of detectable levels of serum prostate specific antigen
after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1994; 152: 1821-5.
488. Paulsson DF, Moul JW, Walther PJ. Radical prostatectomy for clin-ical
T1-2N0M0 prostatic adenocarcinoma: Long-term results. J
Urol 1990; 144: 1180-4.
489. Lerner SE, Blute ML, Bergstralh, EJ, Bostwick DG, Eickholt JT,
Zincke H. Analysis of risk factors for progression in patients with
pathologically confined prostate cancers after radical retropubic
prostatectomy. J Urol 1996; 156: 137-43.
490. Brasso K, Iversen P. Radikal prostatektomi for lokaliseret cancer
prostatae. Ugeskr Laeger 1998; 160: 4505-9.
491. Walsh PC. Radical prostatectomy, preservation of sexual function,
cancer control. Urol Clin North Am 1987; 14: 663-73.
492. Goldstein I, Lue TF, Padma-Nathan H, Rosen RC, Steers WD,
Wicker PA. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1397-1404.
493. Andriole GL, Smith DS, Rao G, Goodnough L, Catalona WJ. Early
complications of contemporary anatomical radical retropubic pro-statectomy.
J Urol 1994; 152: 1858-60.
494. Fowler JE Jr, Barry MJ, Lu-Yao GL, Roman A, Wasson J, Wennberg
JE. Patient-reported complications and follow-up treatment after
radical prostatectomy. Urology 1993; 42: 623-9.
495. Quinlan DM, Epstein JI, Carter BS, Walsh PC. Sexual function fol-lowing
radical prostatectomy: influence of preservation of neuro-vascular
bundles. J Urol 1991; 145: 998-1002.
496. Jønler M, Messing EM, Rhodes PR, Bruskewitz RC. Sequelae of ra-dical
prostatectomy. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 352-8.
497. Epstein BE, Hanks GE. Radiation therapy techniques and dose se-lection
in the treatment of prostate cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol
1993; 3: 179-86.
498. Hanks GE, Hanlon AL, Schultheiss TE, Pinover WH, Movsas B,
Epstein BE et al. Dose escalation with 3D conformal treatment: five
year outcomes, treatment optimization, and future directions. Int J
Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41: 501-10 .
499. Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Gaudin PB, Kutcher GJ, Fleshner NE,
Venkatramen ES et al. Dose escalation with three-dimensional con-formal
radiation therapy affects the outcome in prostate cancer. Int
J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41: 491-500.
500. Bagshaw, MA, Cox RS, Hancock SL. Control of prostate cancer
with radiotherapy: long-term results. J Urol 1994; 152: 1781-5.
501. Hanks GE, Mattz KL, Diamond JJ. The effect of dose on local con-trol
of prostate cancer. Int Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 15: 1299-
305.
502. Zagars, GK. Prostate specific antigen as an outcome variable for T1
and T2 prostate cancer treated by radiation therapy. J Urol 1994;
152: 1786-91.
503. Russel KJ, Boileau MA. Current status of prostate-specific antigen
in the radiotherapeutic management of prostatic cancer. Semin Ra-diat
Oncol 1993; 3: 154-68.
504. Smit GJM, Helle PA, van Putten WLJ, Wijnmaalen AJ, Selden-rath
JJ, van der Werf-Messing BHP. Late radiation damage in
prostate cancer patients treated by high dose external radiothe-rapy
in relation to rectal dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 18:
23-9.
505. Benk VA, Adams JA, Shipley WU, Urie MM, McManus PL, Efird JT
et al. Late rectal bleeding following combined x-ray and proton
high dose irradiation for stages T3-T4 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat
Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 26: 551-7.
506. Vijayakumar S, Awan A, Karrison T, Culpert H, Chan S, Kolker J et
al. Acute toxicity during external beam radio-therapy for localized
prostatic cancer: comparison of different techniques. Int J Radiat
Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 25: 359-71.
507. Shipley WU, Zietman AL, Hanks GE, Coen JJ, Caplan RJ, Won M et
al. Treatment related sequelae following external beam radiation
for prostate cancer: a review with an update in patients with stages
T1 and T2 tumour. J Urol 1994; 152: 1799-805.
508. Soffen EM, Hanks GE, Hwang CC, Chu JCH. Conformal static field
therapy for low volume, low grade prostate cancer with rigid mob-ilisation.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 20: 141-6.
509. Hanks GE, Hanlon A, Schultheiss T, Corn B, Shipley WU, Lee WR.
Early prostate cancer: the national results of radiation treatment
from the patterns of care and radiation therapy oncology group
studies with prospects for improvement with conformal radiation
and adjuvant androgen deprivation. J Urol 1994; 152: 1775-80.
510. Leibel SA, Zelefsky MJ, Kutcher GJ, Burman CM, Kelson S, Fuks
ZVI. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in localized
carcinoma of the prostate: interim report of a phase 1 dose-escala-tion
study. J Urol 1994; 152: 1792-8.
511. Freiha FS, Bagshaw MA. Carcinoma of the prostate: results of post-irradiation
biopsy. Prostate 1984; 5: 19-25.
512. Scardino PT, Wheeler TM. Local control of prostate cancer with
radiotherapy: frequency and prognostic significance of positive re-sults
of post-irradiation prostate biopsy. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr
1988; 7: 95-103.
513. Kabalin JN, Hodge KK, McNeal JE et al. Identification of residual
cancer in the prostate following radiation therapy: role of trans-rectal
ultrasound guided biopsy and prostate specific antigen. J
Urol 1989; 142: 326-31.
514. Kuban DA, El-Mahdi AM, Schellhammer PF. The significance of
post-irradiation prostate biopsy with long-term follow-up. Int J Ra-diat
Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 24: 409-14.
515. Kuban DA, El-Mahdi AM. Local control after radiation for prostatic
carcinoma: significance and assessment. Semin Radiat Oncol 1993;
3: 221-9.
516. Whitmore WF, Sogani P, Hilaris B, Herr H, Batata M, Morse M. In-terstitial
radiation: short-term palliation or curative therapy? Uro-logy
1985; 25: 24-9.
517. Holm HH, Juul N, Pedersen JF, Hansen H, Strøyer I. Transperineal
Iodine-125 seed implantation in prostate cancer guided by transre-ctal
ultrasonography. J Urol 1983; 130: 283-6.
518. Iversen P, Bak M, Juul N, Laursen F, Nielsen L, Rasmussen F et al.
Ultrasonocally guided 125-I seed implantation combined with ex-ternal
radiation in the mangement of localized prostatic carcinoma.
Urology 1989; 34: 181-6.
519. Ash D, Bottomley DM, Carey BM. Prostate brachytherapy. Pro-state
Cancer and Prostatic Dis 1998; 1: 185-8.
520. Koprowski CD, Berkenstock KG, Borofski AM, Ziegler JC, Light-foot
DA, Brady LW. External beam irradiation versus 125 iodine
implant in the definitive treatment of prostate carcinoma. Int J Ra-diat
Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 21: 955-60.
521. DAmico AV, Coleman CN. Role of interstitial radiotherapy in the
management of clinically organ-confined prostate cancer: the jury
is still out. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 304-15.
522. Soloway MS, Sharrifi R, Wajsman Z, Mcleod D, Wood DP Jr, Pura-Baez
A. Randomized prospective study comparing radical pro-statectomy
alone versus radical prostatectomy preceeded by an-drogen
blockade in clinical stage B2 (T2bNxMo) prostate cancer.
J Urol 1995; 154: 424-8.
523. Labrie F, Dupont A, Cusan L, Gomez J, Diamond P, Koutsiieris M
et al. Downstaging of localized prostate cancer by neoadjuvant
therapy with flutamide and lupron: the first controlled and rand-omized
trial. Clin Invest Med 1993; 16: 499-509.
524. van Poppel H, De Ridder D, Elgamal AA, van de Voorde W, Wer-brouck
P, Ackaert K et al. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before
radical prostatectomy decreases the number of positive surgical
margins in stage T2 prostate cancer: interim results of a prospect-ive
randomized trial. J Urol 1995; 154: 429-34.
525. Aus G, Abrahamsson P-A, Ahlgren G, Hugosson J, Lundberg S,
Schain M et al. Hormonal pretreatment before radical prostatect-omy:
a 3-year follow-up. Cancer (i trykken).
526. Pilepich MV, Krall JM, Ml-Sattaf M, Scotte-Doggett RL, Sause WT,
Lawton CA et al. Androgen deprivation with radiation therapy ver-sus
radiation therapy alone for locally advanced prostatic carcin-oma:
a randomized comparative trial of the Radiation Therapy On-cology
Group. Urology 1995; 45: 616-23.
527. Bolla M, Gonzales D, Warde P, Dubois JB, Mirimanoff R-O, Storme
G et al. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced pro-state
cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. N Engl J Med
1997; 337: 295-300.
528. Howard GCW. The management of carcinoma of the prostate after
failed primary therapy. Br J Urol 1993; 72: 269-74.
529. Mahler CH, Akaza H, Boccardo F, Coulange C, Di Silverio F, Ei-senberger
M et al. Secondary hormonal treatment. I: Murphy G,
Griffiths K, Denis L, Khoury S, Chatelain C, Cockett AT, eds. Pro-ceedings
of the First International Consultation on Prostate Can-cer.
Monaco 1996. Scientific Communication International Ltd.,
1997: 305-15.
530. Price P, Hoskin PJ, Easton D, Austin D, Palmer SG, Yarnold JR.
Prospective randomised trial of single and multifraction radiother-apy
schedules in the treatment of painful bony metastases. Ra-diother
Oncol 1986; 6: 247-55.
531. Hoskin PJ, Price P, Easton D, Regan J, Austin D, Palmer S et al. A
prospective randomized trial of 4 Gy or 8 Gy single doses in the
treatment of metastatic bone pain. Radiother Oncol 1992; 23: 74-8.
532. McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Moore RA. Radiotherapy for painful bone
metastases: a systematic review. Clin Oncol 1997; 9: 150-4.
533. Nielsen OS, Bentzen SM, Sandberg E, Gadeberg CC, Timothy AR.
Randomized trial of single-dose versus fractionated palliative ra-diotherapy
of bone metastases. Radiother Oncol 1998; 47: 233-40.
534. Kynaston HG, Keen CW, Matthews PN. Radiotherapy for palliation
of locally advanced prostatic carcinoma. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 515-7.
535. Poulsen HS, Nielsen OS, Klee M, Rørth M. Palliative irradiation of
bone metastases. Cancer Treat Rev 1989; 16: 41-8.
536. Nseyo UO, Fontanesi J, Naftulin BN. Palliative hemibody irrad-iation
in hormonally refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Urology
1989; 34: 76-9.
537. Salazar O, Rubin P, Hendrickson FR, Komaki R, Poulter C, Newall
J et al. Single-dose half-body irradiation for palliation of multiple
bone metastases from solid tumors. Final Radiation Therapy On-cology
Group report. Cancer 1986; 58: 29-36.
538. Kuban DA, Delbridge T, El-Mahdi AM, Schellhammer PE. Half-body
irradiation for treatment of widely metastatic adenocarcin-oma
of the prostate. J Urol 1989; 141: 572-4.
539. Poulter CA, Cosmatos D, Rubin PH, Urtasun R, Cooper JS, Kuske
RR et al. Report of RTOG: a phase III study of whether the addition
of single dose hemibody irradiation to standard fractionated local
field irradiation is more effective than local field irradiation alone
in the treatment of symptomatic osseous metastases. Int J Radiat
Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 23: 207-14.
540. Douglas P, Rossier PH, Mirimanoff R-O, Coucke PA. Half-body ir-radiation
as an effective palliative treatment for painful multiple
bone metastases resistant to chemo- or hormonal treatment. Radi-other
Oncol 1993; 28: 76-8.
541. Quilty PM, Kirk D, Bolger JJ, Dearnaley DP, Lewington VJ, Mason
MD et al. A comparison of the palliative effects of strontium-89 and
external beam radiotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer. Ra-diother
Oncol 1994; 31: 33-40.
542. Crawford ED, Kozlowski JM, Debruyne FMJ, Fair WR, Logothesis
CJ, Balmer C et al. The use of strontium 89 for palliation of pain
from bone metastases associated with hormone-refractory pro-state
cancer. Urology 1994; 44: 481-5.
543. Iversen P, Rasmussen F, Asmussen C, Christensen IJ, Eickhoff J,
Klarskov P et al. Estramustine phosphate vs. placebo as second
line treatment after orchidectomy in patients with metastatic pro-state
cancer. DAPROCA Study 9002. J Urol 1997; 157: 929-34.
544. Newling DWW, Fosså SD, Tunn UW, Kurth KH, De Pauw M, Syl-vester
R. Mitomycin C versus estramustine in the treatment of hor-mone
resistant metastatic prostate cancer: the final analysis of the
European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer,
Genitourinary Group prospective randomized phase III study
(30865). J Urol 1993; 150; 1840-4.
545. Eisenberger MA, Bezerdjian L, Kalash S. A critical assessment of
the role of chemotherapy for endocrine-resistant prostatic carcin-oma.
Urol Clin of North Am 1987; 14: 695-717.
546 Tannock IF. Is there evidence that chemotherapy is of benefit to
patients with carcinoma of the prostate? J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 1013-8.
547. Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR, Ernst DS, Neville AJ, Moore
MJ et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or
prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate can-cer:
a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J Clin
Oncol 1996; 14: 1756-64.
548. Manni A, Santen RJ, Boucher AE, Lipton A, Harvey H, Simmonds
M et al. Androgen priming and response to chemotherapy in ad-vanced
prostatic cancer. J Urol 1986; 136: 1242-6.
549. deKernion JN, Murphy GP, Priore R. Comparison of flutamide and
emcyt in hormone-refractory metastatic prostatic cancer. Urology
1988; 31: 312-6.
550. Tannock IF, Gospodarowicz M, Meakin W, Panzarella T, Stewart L,
Rider W. Treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer with low-dose
prednisone: evaluation of pain and quality of life as pragmatic in-dices
of response. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 590-5.
551. Johansson J-E, Andersson S-O, Holmberg L. High-dose medroxy-progesterone
acetate versus estramustine in therapy-resistant pro-static
cancer: a randomized study. Br J Urol 1991; 68: 67-73.
552. Molecular biology of prostate cancer. Wirth M, Altwein JE,
Schmitz-Dräger B, Kuptz S, eds. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998.
553. Surya BV, Provet JA. Manifestations of advanced prostatic cancer:
prognosis and treatment. J Urol 1989; 142: 921-8.
554. Kuban DA, El-Mahdi AM, Sigfred SV, Schellhammer PF, Babb TJ.
Characteristics of spinal cord compression in adenocarcinoma of
the prostate. Urology 1986; 28: 364-9.
555. Liskow A, Chand CH, DeSanctis P, Benson M, Fetell M, Housepian
E. Epidural cord compression in association with genitourinary
neoplasms. Cancer 1986; 58: 949-54.
556. Iacovou JW, Marks JC, Abrams PH, Gingell JC, Ball AJ. Cord com-pression
and carcinoma of the prostate: is laminectomy justified?
Br J Urol 1985; 57: 733-6.
557. Rodriquez M, DiNapoli RP. Spinal cord compression, with special
reference to metastatic epidural tumors. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55:
442-8.
558. Honnens de Lichtenberg M, Kvist E, Hjortberg P, Karle A. Adeno-carcinoma
of the prostate and metastatic medullary compression.
Scand J Urol Nephrol 1992; 26: 25-8.
559. Shoskes DA, Perrin RG. The role of surgical management for
symptomatic spinal cord compression in patients with metastatic
prostate cancer. J Urol 1989; 142; 337-9.
560. Flynn DF, Munzenrider JE, Linggood RM. Metastatic epidural
tumor causing spinal cord compression: comparison of treatment
modalities. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1982; 8 Suppl 1: 135-8.
561. Larsen BH, Rohde K, Børgesen SE, Sørensen PS, Agerlin N, Bach
F et al. Metastisk spinal tvaersnitssyndrom. Ugeskr Laeger 1990;
152: 3691-5.
562. Paul AB, Love C, Chisholm GD. The management of bilateral ur-eteric
obstruction and renal failure in advanced prostate cancer: Br
J Urol 1994; 74: 642-5.
563. Briggs TP, Parker C, Green ANL, Miller RA. Emergency orchidec-tomy
under sedoanalgesia for uraemic ureteric obstruction sec-ondary
to prostatic carcinoma. An alternative to percutaneous and
stenting procedures. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 111-4.
564. Michigan S, Catalona W. Ureteral obstruction from prostatic car-cinoma:
response to endocrine and radiation therapy. J Urol 1977;
118: 733-8.
565. Chiou R, Chang WY, Horan JJ. Ureteral obstruction associated
with prostate cancer: the outcome after percutaneous nephro-stomy.
J Urol 1990; 143: 957-9.
566. Dowling RA, Carrasco CH, Babaian RJ. Percutaneous urinary di-version
in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Uro-logy
1991; 37: 89-91.
567. Fry DE, Amin M, Harbrecht PJ. Rectal obstruction secondary to
carcinoma of the prostate. Ann Surg 1979; 189: 488-90.
568. Ruggiero RP, Chang H. Rectal involvement by carcinoma of the
prostate. J Gastroenterol 1986; 81: 831-5.
569. Bendix Carstens. Material and methods. I: Survival of Danish can-cer
patients. APMIS 1993; 101, Suppl 33: 3-8.
570. Sundhedsstyrelsen, ed. Evaluering af Landspatientregisteret 1990.
II. København 1993.
Dansk Urologisk Selskab